Section
| HS Code | 927859 |
| Product Name | Solvent Yellow 72 |
| Color Index Name | C.I. Solvent Yellow 72 |
| Dye Type | Solvent dye |
| Color Shade | Yellow |
| Physical Form | Powder |
| Water Solubility | Insoluble |
| Organic Solvent Solubility | Soluble |
| Typical Applications | Solvent-based inks, coatings, plastics, and wood stains |
| Light Fastness | Good |
| Heat Stability | Good |
| Acid Resistance | Good |
| Alkali Resistance | Good |
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, sealed container away from direct sunlight |
| Packaging | Typically supplied in 25 kg bags or drums |
| Typical Shelf Life | About 2 years under proper storage |
As an accredited Solvent Yellow 72 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Solvent Yellow 72 is supplied in 25 kg net weight fiber drums with inner polyethylene liners, sealed for safe transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Solvent Yellow 72 is packed in drums, palletized, loaded into a 20′ FCL container, secured, and sealed for shipment. |
| Shipping | Solvent Yellow 72 is typically shipped as a non-hazardous industrial dye in sealed, labeled containers, protected from moisture, heat, and direct sunlight. Use sturdy packaging, keep dry and ventilated, segregate from oxidizers, and include SDS/transport documents; always follow the supplier’s SDS and local regulations. |
| Storage | Store Solvent Yellow 72 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, sparks, and flames. Keep containers tightly closed and labeled, preferably original or compatible containers. Separate from strong oxidizing agents and incompatible materials. Avoid dust generation; use local exhaust and appropriate PPE. Maintain good housekeeping, spill containment, and keep away from food, drink, and animal feed. |
| Shelf Life | When stored sealed in a cool, dry, dark place, Solvent Yellow 72 typically has a shelf life of approximately 24 months. |
In clarified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle preform and tray extrusion, Solvent Yellow 72 is introduced as a pre-dried colour masterbatch downstream of the crystallizer and drying hopper, or through a gravimetric liquid dosing system at the extruder feed throat. The carrier resin for the masterbatch is selected to match the base PET intrinsic viscosity within 0.05 dL/g to 0.10 dL/g to avoid localized viscosity loss and haze formation in the preform wall. PET pellets are dried to below 50 ppm residual moisture using desiccant dryers with a dew point of −40°C to −30°C, as verified by ISO 15512:2019. Masterbatch is pre-dried at 140°C to 160°C for 4 h to 6 h under closed-loop vacuum conveying. Barrel temperatures for PET extrusion are typically 270°C to 290°C, and intrinsic viscosity loss between dried pellet and finished preform is measured with ASTM D4603; an IV drop below 0.04 dL/g is frequently applied as an internal specification for non-beverage cosmetic containers, while beverage preforms require stricter control because sidewall drop-impact performance is more sensitive to molecular weight reduction. Initial colour trials with Solvent Yellow 72 in PET are run at 0.005 wt% to 0.03 wt% active dye relative to polymer; this range maintains transparency while producing a yellow-to-amber tint that can be adjusted in L*a*b* colour space by changing injection speed and cooling rate, because thicker crystalline sidewalls shift the visual hue toward amber. Transmission and haze are quantified with ISO 13468-1:2019 and ASTM D1003. Gravimetric masterbatch feeders used in production lines sustain let-down accuracy of ±0.5% over 24 h continuous operation; feeder deviations above this range create perceptible colour variation in cosmetic containers. When liquid dosing is used, the dye solution is filtered through 25 μm mesh to remove undissolved fractions before injection into the melt stream. Finished articles include non-food contact cosmetic bottles, tinted display trays, and decorative rigid packaging. Published spectral absorption curves for Solvent Yellow 72 across PET crystallinity levels remain limited, so production-scale preform injection at the intended wall thickness is required before final colour approval.
Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) compounding with Solvent Yellow 72 places dispersive shear against the thermal stability of the dye. Twin-screw extruders with L/D 40:1 and segmented screw geometries can produce localized melt temperatures above 320°C through viscous dissipation when barrel set-points are held at 250°C to 270°C and screw speed exceeds 600 rpm. The recommended starting window for production compounding is 300 rpm to 450 rpm, with melt pressure below 80 bar and vacuum devolatilization at −0.08 MPa to remove volatiles and moisture. Solvent Yellow 72 is preferably introduced as a PC/ABS-compatible concentrate into a downstream melt zone rather than at the feed throat, because feed-throat addition prolongs residence time under shear and can initiate premature chromophore degradation. Dosing rates are typically 0.05 wt% to 0.20 wt% active dye; higher loadings can reduce light transmission and may cause die-lip plate-out. Die-lip deposit formation is monitored by measuring die pressure rise over 8 h compounding runs; pressure increases above 10% of the initial value indicate additive precipitation or dye degradation at the metal surface. The compounded pellets are dried at 80°C to 90°C for 4 h before injection moulding of bezels, housings, and interior trim parts with clamping force between 80 t and 400 t depending on tool dimensions. Tensile properties are verified with ISO 527-2 and ASTM D638-14, and colour difference between compounded batches is kept below ΔE 1.0 using ISO 18314-1. Additives containing free amine groups should be avoided because they can interact with solvent-dye chromophores and accelerate discolouration during heat ageing. Published rheological data specific to Solvent Yellow 72 in PC/ABS under high shear remain limited; therefore, colour stability should be confirmed on a production-scale twin-screw extruder rather than a laboratory torque rheometer.
Solvent-based gravure printing on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyester film, or shrink sleeve material uses Solvent Yellow 72 to produce high-transparency yellow layers without the particle scattering associated with pigment dispersions. A dye-based gravure ink is formulated with a nitrocellulose or polyvinyl butyral binder dissolved in ethyl acetate, n-propanol, and methoxypropanol, and the dye is added at 1 wt% to 5 wt% of the ink formulation; Solvent Yellow 72-specific solubility limits in these solvent blends must be confirmed with a phase-separation test before press trials. Viscosity is adjusted to 18 s to 25 s at 23°C using an ISO 2431 flow cup with a 4 mm orifice. Full solubility in the final solvent blend is required because undissolved dye agglomerates reduce cell emptying on ceramic-coated engraved cylinders with cell depth between 30 μm and 45 μm, producing streaking and colour variation at printing speeds above 150 m/min. Solvent water content is controlled below 0.3% because free water reduces dye solubility and can cause precipitation on press. Solvent Yellow 72 has strong migration potential in laminated packaging because it remains soluble in adhesives and sealing layers; consequently, direct food contact is not permitted unless a functional barrier is validated under Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 and Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 through overall migration testing. Where a plastic food-contact layer is involved, the overall migration limit of 10 mg/dm² is applied, but an unauthorized dye would also require specific migration and toxicological evaluation before any positive listing. Finished articles are therefore limited to non-food contact decorative labels, shrink sleeves printed on the reverse side and adhesive-laminated with a barrier layer, and security packaging. REACH Annex XVII restrictions and EN 1186-1 migration testing are used in technical dossiers when converters supply brand owners in the EU market.
| Application area | Standard or method | Technical parameter controlled |
|---|---|---|
| Transparent PET and polycarbonate articles | ISO 13468-1:2019 | Total luminous transmittance |
| Transparent plastic sheets and diffusers | ASTM D1003 | Haze and luminous transmittance |
| Rigid thermoplastic components | ISO 527-2 | Tensile modulus and yield stress |
| Colour evaluation in compounded parts | ISO 18314-1 | CIELAB coordinates and ΔE |
| Weatherable polycarbonate diffusers | ISO 4892-2 | Xenon arc exposure and colour shift |
| Laminated food-contact packaging | Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | Overall migration and barrier validation |
| All articles placed on the EU market | REACH Annex XVII | Restricted substances in articles |
Flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) calendering introduces a plasticizer-dominated migration pathway that is frequently underestimated during colour approval. Solvent Yellow 72 is incorporated into plasticized PVC at 0.02 phr to 0.10 phr using a high-shear mixer and two-roll mill or intensive turbo mixer at 90°C to 110°C before calendering at 150°C to 180°C. Because the dye partitions between the PVC matrix and plasticizers such as DINP, DOTP, or DBS, surface migration can occur over time, especially at elevated storage temperatures. Colour fastness to migration is assessed by visual staining on white PVC plaques under load at 70°C for 24 h, and quantitative colour difference is measured according to ISO 18314-1; visible bleeding indicates that the dye loading must be reduced or the plasticizer combination changed. Barium-zinc or calcium-zinc stabilizer systems and epoxidized soybean oil are used to protect the PVC backbone without masking the dye's yellow hue. Finished products include tinted cable compounds, automotive interior skins, and stationery films. For toy applications, compliance with EN 71-3 and REACH Annex XVII is evaluated, but use in toys is not recommended unless complete migration and toxicological data for Solvent Yellow 72 are available from the supplier. Published plasticizer-partition coefficients for Solvent Yellow 72 in DINP and DOTP remain limited, so end-use suitability must be confirmed by oven-aging trials on production-calendered sheet.
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) extrusion of tinted films and tube profiles is constrained by the polymer's narrow melt-processing window, typically 180°C to 210°C for polyester-based TPU and 190°C to 220°C for polyether-based TPU. TPU pellets are dried to below 0.02% moisture before compounding to prevent hydrolysis and surface splay. Solvent Yellow 72 is added as a TPU-carrier masterbatch at 0.01 wt% to 0.05 wt% during single-screw extrusion with L/D 30:1 and a barrier screw at 40 rpm to 80 rpm. Direct addition of powdered dye is avoided because the low melt viscosity of TPU reduces shear heating but increases the risk of undispersed dye specks in thin film. The masterbatch carrier must be compatible with the TPU hard segment and free of plasticizers that would soften the finished article. Residence time at melt temperature is kept below 8 min to 10 min because prolonged exposure can shift the yellow hue and reduce batch-to-batch colour consistency. Extruded film and tubing are tested for tensile strength with ISO 527-2 and Shore hardness with ISO 7619-1. Finished applications include non-medical protective film, pneumatic tubing, and tinted TPU sheet for footwear components. Medical-grade applications are excluded unless the dye lot is supported by biocompatibility data under ISO 10993; published data for Solvent Yellow 72 in medical TPU is limited.
Polycarbonate lighting diffusers and automotive interior light guides require high luminous translucency, low haze, and controlled yellow tint. Solvent Yellow 72 is dosed into optical-grade polycarbonate at 0.005 wt% to 0.02 wt% and processed in injection moulding machines with barrel temperatures from 280°C to 300°C and mould temperatures of 80°C to 100°C. The main processing conflict is that phosphate- or sulfonate-based flame retardant systems used for UL 94 V-0 at 1.5 mm wall thickness can alter the dye's local chemical environment and cause colour drift during extended barrel residence. Moulders limit cycle-to-cycle residence time and avoid accumulation in the barrel by matching shot weight to 50% to 70% of machine capacity. UV stabilizers such as benzotriazoles and HALS are added to protect the polycarbonate matrix, but their interaction with Solvent Yellow 72 should be assessed under ISO 4892-2 xenon arc exposure before production approval. Haze and transmission are controlled with ASTM D1003, and colour difference after 500 h of weathering is kept below ΔE 3.0 as an internal specification. Batch-to-batch colour variation is controlled by pre-colouring single lots of optical PC resin, then checking transmission at three points across the part to detect gate blush and flow lines. Published data on the combined effect of brominated flame retardants and Solvent Yellow 72 in optical-grade polycarbonate remains limited, so end-use customers require production-scale trials with the exact FR package rather than laboratory plaques.
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Solvent Yellow 72 is a metal-free monoazo pyrazolone dye supplied as a yellow powder or low-dusting granule for nonaqueous colouration. The Colour Index designation places it among the solvent dyes, and legacy technical literature commonly associates the product with C.I. Constitution Number 12740 and CAS Registry Number 6407-78-9. The molecular formula C18H18N4O corresponds to a molar mass of 306.36 g mol⁻¹. Because the molecule carries no sulphonic acid groups, water solubility is below practical detection and the dye partitions strongly into aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters and selected glycol ethers. This solubility profile distinguishes it from water-soluble acid dyes and from particulate organic pigments; Solvent Yellow 72 does not require milling, wetting or rheological stabilisation.
Commercial specification control for standard powder grades includes spectrophotometric assay against a certified reference lot, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration in accordance with ISO 760, matter volatile at 105 °C by ISO 787-2, and sieve residue on a 45 µm screen by ISO 787-18. Published certificates of analysis commonly place dye content in the range 95–100% by weight, with low-dusting granular grades at the lower end because of inert dedusting binder content. Moisture is normally controlled to ≤0.5% and matter volatile at 105 °C to ≤1.0%. The spectrophotometric assay is performed at a dilution where absorbance remains below 1.0 AU in toluene or butanone; the absorbance maximum of the yellow pyrazolone chromophore falls in the 400–450 nm region. This prevents detector non-linearity and improves batch-to-batch colour strength control.
Production-scale experience in colour concentrate manufacturing indicates that moisture content above 0.5% can cause agglomeration during drum packaging and inaccurate dye weighing because the powder bridges in screw feeders. Batch-to-batch variance is controlled by drying and blending before standardisation; a ribbon blender of 100–500 kg working capacity with an agitator speed of 20–40 rpm is used for low-dusting granule production. The dye is then packaged in fibre drums with polyethylene liners. If the product is added directly to a letdown vessel without pre-dissolution, extended mixing at 1,000–1,500 rpm may be necessary to reach full solubility in ketone-based systems; solution clarity is checked by drawdown on glass and inspection against a bright light.
In solventborne colour concentrates, the controlling parameters are dye content, moisture, filter test performance, and hue angle after dilution in the target solvent. A typical ink or coating concentrate is prepared by dissolving the dye in methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, or a mixture of n-propyl acetate and ethanol at 20–30% dry dye. The solution is mixed in a jacketed vessel with a high-shear dissolver at 500–1,500 rpm until the dye is fully dissolved, then filtered through a 10 µm absolute filter to remove insoluble matter. The filtered solution is evaluated for chroma and hue stability using a spectrophotometer with D65 illumination and 10° observer geometry in accordance with ISO 11664-4. Viscosity is not controlled by the dye itself; however, dye loading can alter solvent balance and should be recorded with a Zahn cup No. 2 at 25 °C when the concentrate is diluted into the final ink.
Solvent Yellow 72 is frequently pre-dissolved before letdown into nitrocellulose flexographic and gravure inks for surface-printed non-food-contact films. The dye contributes high transparency and does not produce pigment rub-up or settle as a dispersed particle phase. In gravure printing, a final ink viscosity of 15–25 s on a Zahn cup No. 2 at 25 °C is typically targeted; cylinder engraving and press speed are adjusted independently. Lamination bond strength after adhesive lamination should be confirmed according to ASTM F904 because residual free dye at the film surface can migrate into the adhesive and reduce interlayer adhesion. The dye is not recommended for direct or indirect food-contact packaging unless the finished laminate is tested under the relevant migration framework.
For mass colouration of general-purpose polystyrene and ABS, Solvent Yellow 72 is introduced as a single-pigment masterbatch with a dye loading of 20–40% by weight in a resin-compatible carrier. Compounding is conducted on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio of 36:1 to 44:1, screw speed between 250 rpm and 600 rpm, and melt temperature held below 240 °C for polystyrene. Residence time above 240 °C should not exceed 5 min; longer hold-up at the die or in a hot runner can shift the shade toward red and reduce tinctorial strength through thermal decomposition of the pyrazolone chromophore. Colour stability to heat is assessed according to DIN EN 12877-1. The product is not recommended for polycarbonate or polyamide colouration where melt temperatures exceed 280 °C; published data for these high-temperature engineering polymers are limited, and end-use validation on the target screw geometry is required before lot approval.
Injection moulding trials on ABS at melt temperatures between 220 °C and 240 °C show acceptable shade retention when the shot size is between 30% and 70% of the injection unit capacity and back pressure is limited to 5–10 bar to avoid excessive shear heating. This is not a universal processing window; variations in screw design and hot-runner volume require on-site colour measurements against a moulded reference chip using ASTM D2244 for colour difference calculation.
In wood coating applications, Solvent Yellow 72 is dissolved at 3–10% by weight in butyl acetate, ethyl acetate or an alcohol-ester blend and added to nitrocellulose lacquers, acid-catalysed coatings or two-component polyurethane topcoats to produce transparent yellow staining layers. Spray application through conventional compressed-air guns with nozzle diameters between 1.2 mm and 1.8 mm at atomising pressures of 2.5–3.5 bar yields uniform colour development on sanded timber. The dye must remain fully dissolved after solvent evaporation; exudation at the film surface indicates that the addition rate has exceeded the solubility capacity of the binder or that the solvent balance has been disturbed. Lightfastness is evaluated according to ISO 105-B02; results at full shade in nitrocellulose-bound films are medium class, with exact Blue Wool Scale values dependent on film thickness, UV absorber concentration and substrate reflectance. Benzotriazole UV absorbers are more effective than hindered amine light stabilisers for extending service life of this dye class in interior wood finishes.
Leather finishing pastes based on solvent-borne polyurethane or nitrocellulose lacquer emulsions can incorporate Solvent Yellow 72 from an ethyl acetate stock solution. The dye penetrates the leather surface if the finish coat is applied too wet; to limit penetration, a penetrator-free base coat is used and drying tunnel temperature is held at 60–80 °C for 2–5 min. Rub fastness is assessed with a crockmeter in accordance with ISO 105-X12. In this application, the dye’s medium lightfastness is acceptable for articles not exposed to continuous direct sunlight.
In flexographic or gravure ink colour matching, Solvent Yellow 72 differs from organic yellow pigments such as Pigment Yellow 13 in particle behaviour, gloss and bleed. Pigment Yellow 13 remains particulate and requires dispersion; it contributes opacity and can increase viscosity. Solvent Yellow 72 is molecularly dissolved and contributes high transparency without increasing grind viscosity or altering grind fineness. Gloss of a film containing Solvent Yellow 72 is governed by the binder system; no pigment particle size distribution is measured. However, the dye may migrate into adjacent layers or substrates, whereas Pigment Yellow 13 is generally migration-resistant. Bleeding is assessed by ISO 105-E01 for water, ISO 105-X12 for rubbing, and by contact-block tests under load at 50 °C for 24 h in the relevant film stack. A formulator substituting the dye for a pigment should re-evaluate migration and blocking, not only shade and strength, because the molecular state creates a different transport mechanism.
Differences from other solvent yellows become significant when a formulation is transferred from a nitrocellulose wood stain to a solvent-based plastic colourant. Solvent Yellow 14 is a monoazo naphthol dye with a more orange yellow shade, lower heat resistance and greater solubility in aliphatic hydrocarbons; it is generally limited to decorative coatings and wax. Solvent Yellow 33 is a quinophthalone dye with higher heat resistance and lightfastness in engineering thermoplastics but is more expensive and less transparent in thin alkyd films. Solvent Yellow 72 occupies an intermediate position: it provides higher chroma than many metal-free yellows in oxygenated solvent systems, but does not match the thermal endurance of metal-complex or quinophthalone alternatives. The choice between Solvent Yellow 72 and a metal-complex yellow is therefore governed by processing temperature and required lightfastness class rather than by shade alone.
| Parameter | Method | Typical criterion |
|---|---|---|
| Moisture content | ISO 760 | ≤0.5% |
| Matter volatile at 105 °C | ISO 787-2 | ≤1.0% |
| Residue on 45 µm sieve | ISO 787-18 | ≤0.3% |
| Lead, cadmium, mercury in packaging article | IEC 62321-5 | RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU limits |
| Specific element migration in toys | EN 71-3 | Category-specific limits |
| Migration in food-contact material | Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 | No universal clearance |
Regulatory status is application-specific. Solvent Yellow 72 is listed in REACH registration dossiers where import volume triggers registration obligations, but no universal food-contact clearance exists under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 or FDA 21 CFR for direct or indirect food-contact use in the United States. Heavy-metal content can be tested against RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II limits using IEC 62321-5; supplier declarations of conformity do not replace testing of the finished article because the dye is not a homogeneous material for RoHS purposes once compounded. Toy safety migration of specific elements should be assessed according to EN 71-3 when the coloured article is intended for children. Formulators using Solvent Yellow 72 in candles, leather finishes or printed stationery must verify the finished article against applicable national and regional standards; a raw dye certificate of analysis alone does not establish end-product compliance.
Operational boundaries include pH sensitivity and solvent selection. The pyrazolone azo chromophore is stable in weakly acidic to neutral organic solutions but can be degraded by strong reducing agents, strong alkalis and high levels of free amine. It should not be combined with amine-terminated curing agents or strongly alkaline pigment dispersions without pre-testing. Storage of dry powder should be in tightly closed containers at temperatures below 30 °C and relative humidity below 60% to prevent moisture uptake and caking. In solvent systems, the dye is insoluble in water and aliphatic hydrocarbons; formulations requiring high aliphatic content should incorporate a co-solvent such as butyl acetate or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether to prevent precipitation. Published data for this specific configuration in low-odour mineral-spirit-borne wood stains is limited; laboratory solubility screening in the actual solvent blend is required before scale-up.
