Section
| HS Code | 623859 |
| Productname | Solvent Green 3 |
| Colorindexname | C.I. Solvent Green 3 |
| Colorindexnumber | 61565 |
| Casregistrynumber | 128-80-3 |
| Ecnumber | 204-909-5 |
| Molecularformula | C28H22N2O2 |
| Molecularweight | 418.49 g/mol |
| Chemicalclass | Anthraquinone dye |
| Dyetype | Solvent dye |
| Appearance | Dark green powder |
| Colorshade | Green |
| Physicalstate | Solid |
| Meltingpoint | 220-224 °C |
| Solubilityinwater | Insoluble |
| Solubilityinorganicsolvents | Soluble |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Stability | Stable under normal conditions |
| Synonyms | C.I. 61565; D&C Green No. 6; Quinizarin Green SS; 1,4-bis(p-tolylamino)anthraquinone |
As an accredited Solvent Green 3 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Solvent Green 3 is supplied in 25 kg fiber drums with double polyethylene liners, securely sealed for safe handling and storage. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Solvent Green 3 is palletized, shrink-wrapped, and securely loaded into a 20-foot FCL container with proper labeling and shipping documents. |
| Shipping | Solvent Green 3 is generally shipped as a non-hazardous solid dye in sealed fiber drums or moisture-barrier bags, with no UN number or dangerous-goods classification under DOT/IATA/IMDG. Transport cool and dry, away from strong oxidizers, and protect from moisture and contamination. |
| Storage | Store Solvent Green 3 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, and ignition sources. Keep containers tightly closed and protect from moisture. Segregate from strong oxidizing agents. Avoid dust generation, provide adequate ventilation/local exhaust, use appropriate PPE, and follow the supplier’s SDS and local regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically five years when stored cool, dry, well-ventilated, and protected from light and moisture. |
In cast polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheet production, Solvent Green 3 (C.I. 61565, CAS 128-80-3, 1,4-bis[(4-methylphenyl)amino]anthracene-9,10-dione) is incorporated into methyl methacrylate prepolymer syrup before initiator addition because the dye must be fully dissolved before the polymerization exotherm raises viscosity. The colorant is first dissolved in warm methyl methacrylate at 60°C under slow stainless steel agitation, then passed through a 10 µm absolute polypropylene filter before metering into the syrup. Final addition levels for transparent sheet range from 0.01 wt% to 0.2 wt%; thicker cast blocks use the lower portion of this range to maintain edge-to-edge chromatic uniformity and avoid a concentration-dependent shift in transmitted color. The sheet specification is ASTM D4802, and weathering qualification for exterior-grade acrylic follows ISO 4892-2, although published dye-specific ΔE data under this weathering method is limited and should not be extrapolated from pigment-grade anthraquinone dispersions. Cell casting runs from 60°C to 80°C in a water bath, with a post-cure ramp to 115°C; the dye remains dissolved through polymerization, but direct powder addition or rapid cooling of a concentrated monomer solution below 20°C can precipitate recrystallized dye particles that act as bubble nucleation sites and visible specks. The process boundary is therefore set by the solubility of the dye in cold methyl methacrylate rather than by thermal decomposition. End products from this route include transparent green lighting diffusers, acrylic machine guards, point-of-purchase display panels, and tinted protective barriers.
Extruded and injection-molded PMMA grades require a different addition route; the dye is supplied as a PMMA-carrier masterbatch that is let down at 1–2% into dried acrylic compound. Melt temperatures in PMMA injection molding are held between 230°C and 250°C, and the screw is operated with a low-shear barrier profile because excessive shear heating above 250°C produces color shift and splay nucleation. When the ambient relative humidity exceeds 60%, the compound is pre-dried at 80°C for 4 hours before molding. Published grade-specific data for Solvent Green 3 under high-shear PMMA extrusion is limited, so these limits are conservative starting conditions rather than vendor-independent specifications. The same dye-loaded PMMA compound is used in profile extrusion for light-diffusing covers and point-of-purchase display panels.
High-clarity polystyrene and styrene-acrylonitrile injection molding require masterbatch-based introduction of Solvent Green 3 rather than dry powder hopper blending, because the colorant must survive the residence time distribution inside a 40:1 L/D twin-screw extruder without producing die lines or sublimate deposits on the vacuum vent. A concentrate at 1.0–2.0 wt% dye in a polystyrene carrier is let down at 2–4%, giving a final dye concentration of 0.02–0.1 wt% in the molded article. The melt temperature is held between 200°C and 220°C; the practical upper boundary in vented compounding equipment is set by dye sublimation onto the vacuum vent and calibrator surfaces when the melt exceeds 230°C for more than 5 minutes, rather than by anthraquinone decomposition alone. Melt index control is verified under ISO 1133-1:2022 on the diluted compound, because excessive viscosity reduction from the masterbatch carrier must be excluded before mold qualification. The finished component is tested for lead and cadmium under IEC 62321-5 for EU RoHS compliance, with each regulated element controlled below 100 mg/kg in homogeneous material. Polyolefin compatibility is significantly lower; Solvent Green 3 should not be treated as a direct substitute for pigment green 7 in polyethylene or polypropylene profiles due to migration risk and low tinting stability. End products include transparent green cosmetic packaging components, electronic accessory housings, stationery parts, and injection-molded light diffusers for small household appliances.
When molten paraffin and paraffin/stearin systems are colored in open steam-jacketed vessels, Solvent Green 3 is introduced through a pre-dissolved stock solution rather than direct powder addition, particularly when the wax blend contains more than 20% stearin. A stock solution of 0.5 wt% dye in a 90:10 paraffin/mineral oil carrier is prepared at 85–90°C and metered into the bulk wax at 80°C to give a final use level of 0.005–0.05 wt%. The wax should not be held above 120°C for more than 2 hours under steam-jacketed agitation, because prolonged high-temperature holding produces measurable batch-to-batch color drift; fragrance addition is therefore sequenced after the dye solution has been fully incorporated and the wax has cooled below 85°C. The finished candle is assessed under ASTM F2417-17 for fire safety, and candles intended for children’s markets require additional heavy metal screening to ASTM F963. End products include filled votives, pillar candles, container candles, and translucent wax embeds for layered decorative candles.
Solvent-based gravure packaging inks present a solubility partition problem if Solvent Green 3 is tipped directly into the finished ink during thinning, because the dye has limited solubility in ethanol-rich diluents. The standard production sequence is to pre-dissolve the colorant in an ester-rich blend of ethyl acetate : propyl acetate : ethanol at 40–50°C, cool the solution to 25°C, and pass it through a 5 µm filter bag before it enters the letdown tank. Final dye concentration in the wet ink ranges from 0.2 wt% to 1.2 wt%, with higher levels restricted to high-coverage surface printing on low-porosity films. The ink is adjusted to the required press viscosity using a 4 mm flow cup at 25°C under DIN 53211, but the ester content of the final blend must remain above 40% by weight to avoid precipitation during circulation through the enclosed doctor chamber. Packaging conformity is verified under EU 94/62/EC for heavy metal limits; if the printed structure is intended for food contact, the ink supplier must separately verify set-off and migration status under the applicable food-contact regulation because this dye is not automatically cleared for direct and indirect food-contact printing. End products include surface-printed polyester film, aluminum foil lidding, shrink-sleeve labels, and non-food flexible packaging for personal care outer wraps.
Flexographic applications using solvent-based polyamide or nitrocellulose inks can employ the same pre-dissolved colorant solution, but the lower ink film thickness of flexo compared with gravure requires the final dye concentration to be shifted upward within the stated range to maintain equivalent optical density. The printed web is evaluated for rub resistance under ASTM D5264, and residual ester levels in the dried ink film must be low enough to prevent dye resensitization and rub-off. Drying tunnel air temperature is kept below 60°C on extensible films unless the film supplier has confirmed dimensional stability at the required web speed.
For solvent-based polyurethane topcoat production on full-grain leather, Solvent Green 3 is used as a transparent toner to shift final shade without adding the dry film opacity of a chromatic pigment. The dye is first dissolved in a 1:1 blend of methyl ethyl ketone and ethyl acetate at 40°C under a high-speed dissolver running at 1,500–2,000 rpm, then the solution is filtered through a 20 µm stainless steel mesh before being added to the polyurethane resin base. The final addition level is calculated on resin solids, typically 0.5–2.0 wt%, but the upper limit is reduced when the formulation contains significant dimethylformamide because high-boiling polar solvent retention during flash-off can increase dye migration into the basecoat. Color fastness of the finished leather is tested under ISO 11640:2018 for rubbing resistance, and the applied film is dried through a 12 m conveyor oven with a staged air flow profile from 80°C to 100°C. Water content in the solvent blend must be kept below 2% by weight to prevent dye aggregation and visible specking in low-gloss topcoats. End products include automotive interior leather components, upholstery leather, and natural leather footwear finishes where the transparent green tone must survive flexing without cracking or blooming.
In nitrocellulose nail lacquer, Solvent Green 3 is designated as D&C Green No. 6 under 21 CFR 73.2115, but the European regulatory status must be checked against EC 1223/2009 Annex IV before export because the US and EU positive lists are not mirror images. The dye is introduced at 0.001–0.1 wt% of the final lacquer, with the lower end used for sheer topcoats and the higher end for strong cream or gel-effect shades. Pre-dissolution is performed in butyl acetate at 40°C; the solution is cooled to 35°C before addition to the nitrocellulose base, after pigment dispersions have been cooled and after plasticizer and resin have been incorporated. Manufacturing practice follows ISO 22716, and the lacquer is filtered through a 10 µm polypropylene bag after dye addition but before filling. High-alcohol thinners added after letdown can drive the colorant out of solution and produce specking; formulators should therefore prepare dye solutions in ester solvents only and avoid post-add alcohol levels above the original base formulation tolerance. End products include nail enamels, pigmented nail lacquers, clear green topcoats, and colored basecoats for nail art systems.
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Solvent Green 3, designated in Colour Index as CI 61565 and in United States regulatory nomenclature as D&C Green No. 6, is the anthraquinone derivative 1,4-bis[(4-methylphenyl)amino]anthracene-9,10-dione. The CAS registry number is 128-80-3, the molecular formula is C28H22N2O2, and the molecular weight is 418.49 g/mol. The commercial material is a dark green solvent dye powder; no universal model number is assigned to this colourant, and it is ordered under Colour Index number, CAS number, and a certificate of analysis. Release criteria commonly used in trade technical data sheets include HPLC purity not less than 98 %, loss on drying not more than 0.5 % when held at 105 °C, and ignition residue not more than 0.3 % at 800 °C. Solvent Green 3 dissolves molecularly in aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, and selected molten polymers; it is insoluble in water and has restricted solubility in purely aliphatic hydrocarbon systems.
Dry product storage should be in closed containers away from direct sunlight and moisture. Bulk packaging opened under relative humidity above 60 % may require pre-drying at 60 °C for 2 h before weighing. Avoid combination with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and sulfonic acid catalysts, because protonation of the anthraquinone nitrogen can produce a bathochromic shade shift. Batch-to-batch colour consistency is evaluated by dissolving the dye in xylene at 0.05 g/L and measuring transmittance spectra under ASTM E1347; a typical tolerance is ΔE*ab ≤ 1.0 against an approved reference standard under D65/10° illumination.
In toluene, Solvent Green 3 produces a principal absorption band in the 640–645 nm region when measured on a double-beam ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer with 1 nm spectral bandwidth and a 10 mm path length cell, using an instrument qualified under ASTM E275. Pigment Green 7, by contrast, is a particulate copper phthalocyanine whose green reflection arises from crystal-field transitions across a broader 600–750 nm region; its final colour depends on particle size reduction, crystal modification, and dispersant choice instead of molecular dissolution. The dissolved-state absorption of CI 61565 provides high-gloss, low-haze tints in clear substrates, whereas Pigment Green 7 contributes light scattering and measurable haze under ASTM D1003. Differential scanning calorimetry at 10 K/min under nitrogen places the melting endotherm onset near 220–222 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis is recommended to establish the upper processing temperature for a specific vented extruder; published data for this specific configuration is limited, and shade drift above 300 °C is often associated with dye sublimation rather than chemical decomposition.
| Parameter | Typical release value | Reference method |
|---|---|---|
| Colour Index | CI 61565 | Not applicable |
| CAS | 128-80-3 | Chemical Abstracts Service |
| Molecular weight | 418.49 g/mol | Calculated from C28H22N2O2 |
| Melting range | 220–222 °C | DSC, 10 K/min under nitrogen |
| Purity | ≥ 98 % | HPLC area % |
| Loss on drying | ≤ 0.5 % | 105 °C, 2 h |
| Ignition residue | ≤ 0.3 % | 800 °C, 2 h |
In crystal polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) tinting, Solvent Green 3 is normally introduced as a pre-dispersed masterbatch to reduce airborne dust and colour streaking on the production floor. Compounding on a corotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D of 40:1 and a melt temperature of 220–240 °C for polystyrene brings the dye into molecular dispersion when the carrier resin has compatible polarity; downstream static mixers or melt pumps reduce streak formation at masterbatch letdown ratios of 2–5 %. For acrylic cast sheet, the dye is pre-dissolved in methyl methacrylate monomer at 0.005–0.05 wt%, filtered through 10 µm absolute cartridges, and held at 60–80 °C during prepolymer formation. Undissolved specks in acrylic cast sheet are not corrected by increasing agitation; they require refiltration and may indicate insufficient solvent predispersion.
For polycarbonate, melt temperatures are maintained between 280 °C and 310 °C; barrel residence time is kept below 5 min, and vacuum venting remains active to remove low-molecular-weight species that would otherwise condense as dye sublimate on the vent port. Solvent Green 3 is melt-soluble in bis-phenol A polycarbonate at the tinting loadings used for lenses and diffuser covers, but localized overheating in dead spots can generate visible dark specks. Capillary melt flow rate testing under ISO 1133-1:2022 at 300 °C and 1.20 kg load is used to verify whether the masterbatch carrier changes the base resin viscosity, because no universal correction factor can be assumed. When the tinted resin is injection moulded, clamp force is selected from the base resin processing data rather than adjusted for the dye; however, masterbatch letdown above 5 % can require revalidation of melt viscosity through injection pressure monitoring in multi-cavity tools. Published data for high-loading polycarbonate concentrates above 1 wt% is limited; processors should validate transparent impact retention per ASTM D256 and luminous transmittance per ASTM D1003 on finished plaques.
In plasticised PVC and low-density polyethylene film, molecularly dissolved Solvent Green 3 migrates more readily than a high-molecular-weight copper phthalocyanine pigment. Migration evaluation during final article qualification is performed under end-use temperature and contact conditions; laboratory oven exposure at 60 °C for 24 h can reveal exudation in plasticised PVC, although published data for this specific configuration is limited and the result depends on plasticizer branching, film thickness, and dye loading. Where a standardized migration protocol is required, ISO 15701 or the article-specific standard is used. For wire and cable jacketing or gaskets, Pigment Green 7 is preferred when low migration is a mandatory criterion. In rigid polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate, the glassy matrix restricts dye migration sufficiently for indoor lighting and display applications, but exterior glazing is not recommended unless UV absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers are included and xenon-arc weathering per ASTM D6695-16 is performed on the complete formulation.
| Selection factor | Solvent Green 3 | Pigment Green 7 |
|---|---|---|
| Colour Index | CI 61565 | CI 74260 |
| Chemical class | Anthraquinone solvent dye | Copper phthalocyanine pigment |
| Dispersion state | Molecular solution | Particulate dispersion |
| Transparency in polystyrene | High; haze remains below 5 % if fully dissolved | Low to medium; haze depends on dispersion and loading |
| Lightfastness under xenon-arc | Lower; UV stabilizer required for exterior use | Higher |
| Migration in plasticised PVC | Moderate; test per final article | Low |
| Upper processing temperature | Limited by sublimation; verify above 280 °C | Generally stable above 280 °C |
Solvent Green 3 carries two p-tolylamino substituents at the 1 and 4 positions of the anthraquinone core. This substitution pattern lowers solubility in purely aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents relative to butylated anthraquinone homologues because the aromatic p-tolyl rings are less effective at inserting into paraffinic solvent cages; aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene and high-boiling naphtha readily dissolve the dye. The electron-donating methyl groups also shift the absorption envelope hypsochromically relative to the corresponding unsubstituted bis(phenylamino) analogue, contributing to the blue-green tone of CI 61565. When a more yellow-shifted green is required, formulators may evaluate Pigment Green 7 or other anthraquinone solvent dyes with longer-chain alkyl substituents; when a more blue-shifted green is required, small amounts of a blue anthraquinone toner are added. Published data for exact homolog comparisons is limited, and compatibility testing in the final solvent or polymer remains the controlling step.
In ester and ketone solvent systems, Solvent Green 3 exhibits high solution stability at 25 °C. In alcohol-rich flexographic inks, precipitation may occur; a co-solvent such as ethyl acetate or methyl isobutyl ketone is therefore added to maintain molecular dispersion. In hydrocarbon-based lubricants and fuel marker applications, the dye is used only in aromatic or mixed aromatic/aliphatic carrier fluids; aliphatic-only carriers require a solvent dye with branched alkyl chain substituents instead of CI 61565.
D&C Green No. 6 is a certifiable color additive in the United States under 21 CFR 74.1320; batches intended for drug or cosmetic use require FDA batch certification. Formulators must confirm current listing conditions because use around the eye area is not automatically permitted for all drug and cosmetic applications. In the European Union, the substance is identified as CI 61565; its status under Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 must be checked for the specific cosmetic product category. For polymer food-contact use, migration must be assessed under the intended temperature and food simulant; the listing entries in 21 CFR 178.3297 or an applicable Food Contact Notification govern permitted use. REACH registration duties for the neat substance remain with the manufacturer or importer; downstream users should refer to Safety Data Sheet Section 15 for regulatory status and Section 7 for handling limits.
In solvent-borne nitrocellulose and vinyl lacquers, Solvent Green 3 is dissolved in the ketone/ester fraction at 20–40 °C before addition to the main letdown. The solvent blend should contain sufficient aromatic hydrocarbon to prevent precipitation; many formulations keep aromatic content above 30 % of total solvent mass and include methyl isobutyl ketone or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate to maintain shelf stability at 5 °C. For gravure printing inks, addition levels of 0.1–2 wt% in the dried film are common, and final filtration through 5 µm filter elements removes undissolved agglomerates that otherwise print as specks. Outdoor exposure of these inks is limited by lightfastness; xenon-arc testing per ASTM D6695-16 and UV absorber addition are required for exterior signage or automotive interior components.
Direct addition of Solvent Green 3 to water-based latex coatings or aqueous inkjet inks is not feasible because the dye is water-insoluble and precipitates as coarse particulates. A pre-dissolved solution in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or a glycol ether is required, and the cosolvent level must remain within the volatile organic compound limit of the final formulation. The dye is not a pigment presscake and should not be processed on a three-roll mill as an aqueous dispersion; grinding the dry powder in water generates unstable colour strength and rub-off tendencies. For aqueous systems that require water insensitivity and high transparency, alternative hydrated pigment dispersions or encapsulated dye systems are evaluated instead.
