Section
| HS Code | 663279 |
| Productname | Permanent Yellow HRO5 |
| Colorindexname | Pigment Yellow 83 |
| Colorindexnumber | 21108 |
| Casnumber | 5567-15-7 |
| Chemicalclass | Diarylide yellow disazo |
| Molecularformula | C36H32Cl4N6O8 |
| Molecularweight | 818.49 |
| Appearance | Yellow powder |
| Colorshade | Reddish yellow |
| Specificgravity | 1.4-1.5 |
| Oilabsorption | 40-50 g/100 g |
| Ph | 6-8 |
| Moisturecontent | ≤1% |
| Particlesize | 0.1-1 µm |
| Heatstability | 180-200 °C |
| Lightfastness | 5-6 Blue Wool |
| Weatherfastness | 3-4 |
| Acidresistance | 5 |
| Alkaliresistance | 5 |
| Migrationresistance | 3-4 |
| Watersolubility | Insoluble |
As an accredited Permanent Yellow HRO5 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Permanent Yellow HRO5 is packaged in 25 kg polyethylene-lined, multi-wall paper bags for safe storage and transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Permanent Yellow HRO5 drums are palletized, loaded into a 20-foot FCL container, secured, sealed, and shipped under standard chemical cargo conditions. |
| Shipping | Permanent Yellow HRO5 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 83) is an organic pigment, non-hazardous and not classified as dangerous goods for transport. Ship in sealed, moisture-proof packaging under dry, cool conditions, avoiding dust and direct sunlight. No special UN number or hazard class is required. |
| Storage | Store Permanent Yellow HRO5 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from ignition sources, strong oxidizers, acids, and alkalis. Keep containers tightly closed when not in use, protect from moisture and direct sunlight, and avoid generating dust. Use appropriate secondary containment, follow local regulations, and keep away from food, drink, and animal feed. |
| Shelf Life | In cool, dry, well-ventilated storage in tightly closed containers away from light, Permanent Yellow HRO5 typically has a 24-month shelf life. |
In thermosetting polyester-epoxy hybrid powder coating manufacture, C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 (Permanent Yellow HRO5) is charged into a high-intensity premix with binder, flow-control additive and benzoin, then melt-compounded on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder having a 40:1 L/D ratio, barrel zone temperatures of 90–110 °C, screw speed of 400–600 min⁻¹, and cooling-roll surface temperature of 15–25 °C. The cooled flake is milled through an air classifier mill and screened to a top cut of 100 µm; finished powder is applied electrostatically at 60–80 kV to degreased steel or aluminium, deposited at 60–80 µm dry-film thickness, and cured at 180 °C for 15 min or 190 °C for 10 min. For a full-shade RAL 1023 traffic-yellow powder coating, the starting-point loading of Permanent Yellow HRO5 is 4.0–8.0 wt%; in tinted pastel formulations containing 20–25 wt% rutile TiO₂, the loading is reduced to 0.3–1.5 wt%, because Yellow 83 is a high-tinctorial-strength diarylide pigment and higher levels raise pigment volume concentration without improving chroma. Compliance for industrial non-architectural powder coatings is normally verified against ISO 8130-2 for particle size distribution, ISO 8130-6 for gel time at 180 °C, and Directive 2011/65/EU for heavy-metal restrictions; exterior architectural use is not recommended beyond Qualicoat Class 1 severity because C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 does not maintain colour stability under prolonged wet-exposure weathering, and published exposure data for this specific configuration are limited for Florida exposure beyond 12 months, with observable darkening reported in exterior-grade powder films. The dominant processing constraint is moisture control: commercial powder-coating grades should have moisture content below 0.5% by ISO 787-2, and the pigment should be pre-dried when ambient relative humidity exceeds 60% to prevent cratering generated by water-vapour evolution during cure. Terminal parts produced through this pathway include indoor metal furniture, warehouse racking brackets, transformer housings, office partition hardware, and other interior steel or aluminium components that do not require multi-year exterior colour retention.
High-solids polyester-melamine stoving enamels that require a green-shade yellow are formulated by dispersing Permanent Yellow HRO5 in a mill base comprising a short-oil saturated polyester, melamine-formaldehyde crosslinker, acid catalyst and high-boiling oxygenated solvent blend; pre-mixing is performed on a high-speed disperser at 15–20 m/s tip speed, followed by bead milling with 0.8–1.2 mm yttrium-stabilized zirconia beads until a Hegman grind of 7 is obtained under ISO 1524. The mill base, typically containing 20–25 wt% pigment, is let down to a final total-solids pigment loading of 3.0–6.0 wt% for deep-yellow appliance enamels, or 0.5–1.5 wt% with 18–22 wt% rutile TiO₂ for pale yellow shades. Finished film is applied by air-assisted airless spray or electrostatic rotary bell, flash-dried at 60–80 °C, and cured in a continuous oven at 160–190 °C for 10–20 min. The pigment withstands this cure window, but an upper processing boundary of 200 °C for 10 min must be observed; extended overbake above 210 °C can cause a measurable red-shift and darkening of the diarylide chromophore, so coil-coating lines using peak metal temperatures above this limit should not select Yellow 83. Compliance for such solvent-based systems is assessed by ASTM D2369 for VOC content, EN 13523-0 for coil-coated metal test designation, and EU Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU for solvent-emission control; cured enamels for light industrial exposed panels are additionally checked for flexibility and adhesion using EN 13523-7. The main operational limitation is the combination of acid catalyst and high-humidity flash-off: if relative humidity in the flash zone exceeds 70%, moisture absorption in the applied film can produce micro-pinholes in high-gloss radio-frequency shielding panels. Terminal products include refrigeration door panels, washing-machine side panels, agricultural instrument housings, steel filing cabinets, and light-duty machinery covers where a stoved high-gloss yellow finish is specified.
Rigid PVC dry blends coloured with C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 are prepared in a hot mixer at 110–120 °C and cooled to 40 °C before extrusion on a counter-rotating conical twin-screw extruder with barrel zones of 170–190 °C, die temperature of 195 °C, and screw speed selected to avoid shear heating above 200 °C. The pigment is added at 0.2–2.0 phr depending on chroma; a deep-yellow window-profile section typically uses 0.8–1.5 phr, while pastel formulations containing 2.0–4.0 phr rutile TiO₂ use 0.2–0.8 phr. Dispersion is critical because undispersed Yellow 83 agglomerates appear as specks in extruded profiles and can seed surface roughness on calibrator plates. Compliance for yellow rigid PVC profiles is anchored to EN 12608-1:2016 for unplasticized PVC window profiles, ISO 182-3 for thermal stability evaluation of PVC compounds, and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 for restricted aromatic amines; lead-based stabilizers are excluded, and tin or calcium-zinc stabilizer packages are required to maintain heat stability during extrusion at 195 °C. The main processing boundary is dry-blend flow: at loadings above 2.0 phr, dry-blend cohesion can be sufficient to cause bridging in the hopper throat, so an external vibrator or forced hopper should be specified. Terminal products include extruded window profiles with decorative yellow outer skins, yellow electrical conduit, edge-banding strip for furniture laminates, and industrial pipe fittings where non-food-contact colour coding is required.
Polyethylene and polypropylene masterbatch producers charge Permanent Yellow HRO5 into a carrier resin using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with 40:1 L/D, barrel temperatures of 180–240 °C, screw speed of 300–600 min⁻¹, and vacuum vent of -0.08 MPa to remove residual moisture. The pigment is commonly supplied as a pressed granular grade with a sieve residue on 45 µm below 0.1% and a pH of 6–8 by ISO 787-9, which reduces dusting during single-screw dosing. Loading in a 50% masterbatch is 40–50 wt%; let-down in injection-moulded polypropylene at 0.1–2.0 wt% yields high-opacity yellow for deep shades, while 0.02–0.2 wt% is used for pale yellow material. Injection moulding of coloured polypropylene is run at melt temperature 220–250 °C, mould temperature 20–50 °C, and back pressure of 0.5–1.5 MPa to maintain pigment distribution in hot-runner manifolds. Heat stability is adequate for short residence times below 280 °C, but residence times above 8 min at 250 °C should be avoided because thermal decomposition can release 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine and cause shade drift. Compliance for plastics colorants is tested under EN 12877-1 for heat stability in plastics, EN 12877-2 for migration, and ISO 105-B02 for lightfastness; food-contact packaging must be evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 and 21 CFR 178.3297 for colorants in polymers, but Yellow 83 is not categorically cleared for direct fatty-food contact because reductive cleavage products may exceed the 0.01 mg/kg total primary aromatic amine migration limit. Terminal moulded parts include automotive interior trim clips, non-food housewares, storage totes, caps and closures for industrial chemicals, and thin-walled containers for non-fatty dry goods.
In solvent-based gravure and flexo packaging inks, C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 is predispersed in a bead mill using 0.6–1.0 mm yttrium-stabilized zirconia beads, a pigment loading of 15–20 wt% in the concentrate, and a resin blend of nitrocellulose and polyurethane in an ethyl acetate/ethanol/propyl acetate solvent system. The concentrate is let down to a finished ink containing 8–12 wt% pigment for high-opacity yellow surface printing. Gravure printing is configured with 55–70 µm electro-mechanically engraved cylinder cells at 200–350 m/min; flexo printing uses anilox rollers with 400–550 LPI and cell volume of 8.0–10.0 cm³/m² on corona-treated BOPP or PE film. The main production bottleneck is plateout: at press speeds above 350 m/min, Yellow 83 can accumulate on doctor blades and in anilox cells if the letdown solvent balance shifts to too fast an evaporation profile, causing streaks in large solid areas. The pigment therefore requires a slow-co-solvent tail of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate or dipropylene glycol methyl ether to maintain redissolubility. Compliance for non-food-contact flexible packaging inks is referenced to EuPIA Good Manufacturing Practice, Swiss Ordinance 817.023.21 for printing inks on food-contact materials when used only on the outer side of a functional barrier, and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII for restricted amines. If the printed web is subsequently adhesive-laminated against a PE sealing layer, migration testing under Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 must confirm total primary aromatic amines below 0.01 mg/kg when the ink is not separated by a barrier; otherwise Yellow 83 is restricted to non-food outer surfaces and labelled packaging. Terminal products include detergent pouch films, shrink sleeves for household chemicals, industrial drum labels, carrier bags, and non-food flexible packaging structures.
Sulphur-vulcanised elastomer compounds accept Permanent Yellow HRO5 in a Banbury internal mixer at 50–80 rpm with natural rubber or SBR after the initial filler addition; drop temperature is controlled at 140–150 °C, and curatives are subsequently mixed on a two-roll mill at 60–70 °C. Loading of 1.0–2.5 phr yields a saturated yellow in non-black compounds; in white or pastel rubbers, 0.3–1.0 phr is used with 10–30 phr TiO₂. Vulcanization is carried out at 160 °C for 8–10 min in compression moulding or at 180 °C in continuous hot-air vulcanization. The pigment withstands sulphur cure, but stock residence above 200 °C should be avoided because diarylide yellow can release chlorinated aromatic amines and darken. Compliance is referenced to ASTM D3182-21a for mixing equipment and procedures, ISO 105-B02 for lightfastness, and REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII for restricted amines; heavy-metal limits for electrical and electronic rubber parts are verified under Directive 2011/65/EU. Food-contact rubber goods are outside the normal application range because 21 CFR 177.2600 and Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 require extraction testing that Yellow 83 often fails due to arylamine formation under sterilization or reducing environments. Terminal products include yellow rubber footwear outsoles, industrial safety matting, vibration-isolation pads decorated with yellow identification zones, and non-food rubber hoses with yellow cover compounds.
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Permanent Yellow HRO5 is a yellow diarylide organic pigment conforming to C.I. Pigment Yellow 83, C.I. Constitution No. 21108, CAS 5567-15-7. The pigment is supplied as a free-flowing yellow powder characterized by a nominal specific gravity of 1.4 g/cm³ under ISO 787-10, an oil absorption range of 40–45 g/100 g under ISO 787-5, and an aqueous extract pH between 5 and 7 under ISO 787-9. Volatile matter at 105 °C is typically not greater than 1.5 % under ISO 787-2, and residue on a 45 µm sieve is typically not greater than 0.1 % under ISO 787-7. The molecular structure is based on a 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine disazo chromophore coupled to 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyacetoacetanilide, giving a molar mass of 818.49 g/mol. These values are representative supplier literature ranges for the grade and do not replace a certificate of analysis for any specific production lot.
| Property | Typical range | Test method |
|---|---|---|
| Color Index designation | C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 | C.I. 21108 |
| Specific gravity | 1.4 g/cm³ | ISO 787-10 |
| Oil absorption | 40–45 g/100 g | ISO 787-5 |
| pH of aqueous extract | 5–7 | ISO 787-9 |
| Volatile matter at 105 °C | ≤1.5 % | ISO 787-2 |
| Sieve residue on 45 µm | ≤0.1 % | ISO 787-7 |
The HRO5 grade designation is manufacturer-specific and identifies a controlled particle-size distribution and surface treatment within the C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 product family. The surface treatment influences wetting and dispersion kinetics in nonpolar polymer melts and in alkyd-based solventborne coatings. Published data for the exact surface chemistry of this grade is limited; batch-scale wetting tests are required when changing resin or dispersant chemistry.
The molecular architecture of Permanent Yellow HRO5 differs from lower-molecular-weight diarylide yellows in three measurable respects: molar mass, chlorine substitution, and resistance to solvent extraction. C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 has a molar mass of 818.49 g/mol, whereas C.I. Pigment Yellow 13 and C.I. Pigment Yellow 14 have nominal molar masses of 685.61 g/mol and 657.55 g/mol, respectively. The higher molar mass and tetrachlorinated structure reduce the diffusion coefficient of the pigment molecule in plasticized PVC and low-density polyethylene matrices. This produces lower migration tendency in flexible PVC when evaluated under EN 12877-2 and better solvent fastness in aromatic hydrocarbon exposure tests.
| Property | Permanent Yellow HRO5 (PY83) | C.I. Pigment Yellow 13 | C.I. Pigment Yellow 14 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominal molar mass | 818.49 g/mol | 685.61 g/mol | 657.55 g/mol |
| Lightfastness full shade, ISO 105-B02 | 7 | 5–6 | 6 |
| Heat resistance in HDPE, 5 min | 200 °C | 190 °C | 190 °C |
| Solvent fastness in xylene | 4–5 | 4 | 4 |
| Migration tendency in plasticized PVC | low | moderate | moderate |
In full-shade polyolefin applications, the principal difference observed on production lines is heat stability. Permanent Yellow HRO5 can survive brief residence times at 200 °C in HDPE extrusion without measurable CIELAB hue angle shift under DIN 6174, whereas C.I. Pigment Yellow 13 and C.I. Pigment Yellow 14 tend to shift toward greener or duller shades above 190 °C under identical screw residence. For tint reduction at 1:10 with titanium dioxide, the tinctorial strength difference between PY83 and PY13 is less than 5 %, but the weathering advantage of PY83 becomes more pronounced after 500 h of xenon arc exposure under ISO 4892-2.
In blown film and injection molding, the pigment is introduced as a single-pigment masterbatch at 40 wt% loading in an LLDPE carrier. Final pigment concentration in a 50 µm LLDPE film is typically between 0.05 wt% and 0.30 wt%, depending on opacity and saturation targets. On a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 44:1, melt temperature is maintained between 180 °C and 200 °C. Raising the melt temperature above 200 °C across multiple barrel zones does not cause immediate thermal decomposition, but can produce a CIELAB hue angle shift of more than 1° when mean residence time exceeds 90 s, primarily because of pigment particle growth and dispersant desorption rather than chromophore degradation. Batch-to-batch variation in carrier resin melt index has a larger effect on final color strength than pigment lot variation when the let-down ratio is below 0.1 wt%.
Pre-drying at 80 °C for 2 h is recommended when pigment moisture exceeds 1.0 %. Moisture uptake above 1.0 % can produce feed-throat bridging in gravimetric feeders and can raise screen pack pressure by more than 30 kPa during masterbatch extrusion. For polypropylene multifilament spinning at 240–260 °C, hold-up times above 60 min are not recommended because filter pack blinding and shade drift become more likely. Published data for this grade in extended PP spinning runs is limited, so line-specific retention trials are required.
Compounding of Permanent Yellow HRO5 in a twin-screw extruder is governed by shear input, temperature history, and melt viscosity. In a 25 mm co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1 and a screw profile containing at least 2 kneading blocks at 90° staggering, pigment dispersion is optimized at a specific energy input of 0.20–0.30 kWh/kg and a screw speed of 400–600 min⁻¹. Below this shear input, 45 µm sieve residue in let-down film may exceed 0.2 %, producing visible specks. Above 0.35 kWh/kg, melt temperature can exceed 210 °C and color strength can decrease by 3–5 % relative to the optimized process due to dispersant desorption and particle coarsening. The acceptable processing window for this configuration is therefore approximately ±5 °C around a target melt temperature of 195 °C.
Melt viscosity of a 40 wt% masterbatch at 100 s⁻¹ and 190 °C is typically in the range of 250–450 Pa·s, although published data for this specific formulation is limited. The pigment has a thermogravimetric decomposition onset above 300 °C, but the LLDPE carrier degrades above 220 °C; the resulting acidic degradation products alter the pigment surface pH and can reduce tinting strength. On production extruders, the critical variable is therefore not pigment decomposition but residence-time distribution after the first high-shear zone.
For solventborne and waterborne coatings, dispersion is typically carried out in a bead mill using zirconia grinding media of 0.6–1.0 mm diameter. A millbase containing 30 wt% pigment, 40 wt% resin solids, and 30 wt% solvent reaches a Hegman grind gauge reading below 15 µm after 20–30 min at tip speeds between 18 m/s and 22 m/s when the vehicle acid value is at least 8 mg KOH/g. Vehicles with acid values below 8 mg KOH/g may require an additional 5–10 min or a dispersant dose increase to avoid post-milling flocculation. The grind gauge procedure follows ISO 1524.
In waterborne air-drying systems, the pH of the let-down should be maintained between 8 and 9. Acidic conditions below 6 can reduce colloidal stability and promote pigment flocculation during shelf aging. In nitrocellulose packaging inks, Permanent Yellow HRO5 is normally used at 5–15 wt% of the ink formulation, and adhesion performance on corona-treated polypropylene is governed by resin selection rather than pigment concentration. No adhesion improvement beyond that of the resin system is claimed.
At pigment volume concentration below 10 %, high-gloss alkyd coil coatings can retain a 20° gloss reading above 80 % under ISO 2813 when the millbase grind gauge fineness is below 10 µm. At PVC above 15 %, gloss falls below 70 % and the opacity gain becomes asymptotic. Further addition above 10 wt% pigment on binder produces only marginal contrast-ratio improvement under ISO 6504-1 while raising millbase viscosity. In such fully pigmented alkyd systems, Permanent Yellow HRO5 provides higher full-shade opacity than many benzimidazolone yellows, but its lightfastness in strong tint reductions below 1:10 is lower. Selection between PY83 and a benzimidazolone grade therefore depends on whether the coating is applied at full shade or in pale tinted shades.
In coil-coating systems formulated with acid values between 8 mg KOH/g and 15 mg KOH/g, the pigment shows rapid wetting and stable millbases. In air-drying alkyd systems with driers such as cobalt octoate, no significant drier adsorption onto the pigment surface is observed at cobalt levels below 0.05 % metal on binder. Above this level, dry time can be extended by 15–25 % because the pigment surface may adsorb a portion of the cobalt drier. Published data for this specific grade in high-cobalt systems is limited.
In applications involving indirect food-contact packaging, compliance is matrix-driven rather than pigment-driven. Permanent Yellow HRO5 is not assumed to have direct food-contact approval, and migration testing under the applicable framework such as EU Regulation 10/2011 or the relevant FDA 21 CFR sections is required for the finished article. Under RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU, homogeneous-material limits are 1000 mg/kg for lead, 1000 mg/kg for mercury, 100 mg/kg for cadmium, and 1000 mg/kg for hexavalent chromium. Typical diarylide yellow grades meet these thresholds when tested by acid digestion and ICP analysis. No intentionally added REACH SVHC substances above 0.1 % w/w are declared in manufacturer documentation. Storage should be below 60 °C and away from moisture; extended exposure to high humidity can increase volatile content and reduce flow in gravimetric feeders. Direct food-contact use of this grade is not assumed; end-use migration testing under the applicable regulatory framework is required.
