Section
| HS Code | 362763 |
| Productname | Benzidine Yellow 10G |
| Chemicalclass | Diarylide yellow azo pigment |
| Colorindexname | C.I. Pigment Yellow 13 |
| Colorindexnumber | 21100 |
| Casnumber | 5102-83-0 |
| Molecularformula | C36H34Cl2N6O4 |
| Molecularweight | 685.6 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow powder |
| Colorshade | Greenish yellow |
| Specificgravity | 1.35 g/cm3 (typical) |
| Bulkdensity | 0.3-0.5 g/cm3 (typical) |
| Oilabsorption | 35-45 g/100 g (typical) |
| Phvalue | 6.5-7.5 |
| Moisturecontent | ≤0.5% |
| Watersolublematter | ≤0.5% |
| Solubility | Insoluble in water |
| Lightfastness | 6-7 full shade; 5-6 tint |
| Heatresistance | 200°C (typical) |
| Acidresistance | Good |
| Alkaliresistance | Good |
| Soapresistance | Good |
| Migrationresistance | Good |
As an accredited Benzidine Yellow 10G factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Benzidine Yellow 10G is packaged in a sealed, light-resistant 25 kg fiber drum with an inner polyethylene liner. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | A 20-foot FCL container is loaded with Benzidine Yellow 10G, properly palletized, secured, and documented for safe ocean shipment. |
| Shipping | Benzidine Yellow 10G is typically shipped as a non-hazardous solid dye/pigment in sealed, properly labeled containers. Protect from moisture, direct sunlight, and physical damage; avoid dust generation. Transport at ambient temperature with SDS and shipping documents. Confirm final hazard classification and packaging against current SDS and applicable transport regulations. |
| Storage | Store Benzidine Yellow 10G in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, ignition sources, and moisture. Keep containers tightly closed, clearly labeled, and upright in compatible, approved containers. Separate from oxidizers, acids, and alkalis. Avoid dust generation and use appropriate PPE. Provide spill containment, secure shelving, controlled access, and follow local regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Benzidine Yellow 10G has a shelf life of about 2–5 years when stored dry, sealed, and protected from light, heat, and moisture. |
Benzidine Yellow 10G (C.I. Pigment Yellow 81, C.I. 21127) is dispersed in solventborne nitrocellulose/polyurethane gravure concentrates for surface-printed BOPP and polyester films at a pigment loading of 10–14 wt% based on total ink weight. The letdown vehicle contains 20–25 wt% alcohol-soluble nitrocellulose, 5–8 wt% polyurethane resin, and a toluene/ethyl acetate/isopropanol blend adjusted to 18–22 s DIN 4 cup at 25 °C. Premixing on a high-speed dissolver at 800–1,200 rpm for 15–20 min precedes dispersion through a horizontal bead mill with 0.6–1.0 mm yttrium-stabilised zirconia media; the chamber is jacketed to hold outlet temperature below 45 °C, and tip speed is maintained at 9–11 m/s for 25–35 min. Grind fineness is checked against ISO 1524; a value below 5 µm is required before letdown. In production, the primary failure is not dry filtration but re-agglomeration during solvent top-up: addition of more than 10% free solvent in one shot can shock the stabilised dispersion and raise residual sieve residue on a 325-mesh screen from below 10 mg/kg to 80–150 mg/kg. Letdown is therefore run with metered solvent injection over 10–15 min. Nitrocellulose systems at pH 6.0–7.0 show no sign of pigment bleed into ethyl acetate, but warm ink return from enclosed doctor blade chambers can reach 38–42 °C and reduce press viscosity by 4–6 s; solvent addition is based on viscosity rather than fixed weight. In production monitoring of reverse-printed PE film at 200 m/min, colour strength retention typically exceeds 95% after 3 h of continuous circulation when the mill base contains 2–3 wt% polyethylene wax dispersion. Plate wear remains acceptable on chromium-plated cylinders at 1.5–2.0 µm cylinder surface roughness.
| Parameter | Acceptance range | Test method/instrument |
|---|---|---|
| Final grind fineness | < 5 µm | ISO 1524 |
| Viscosity at 25 °C | 18–22 s DIN 4 | DIN 53211 |
| Residual sieve residue on 325 mesh | < 10 mg/kg | ASTM D185 |
| Colour strength vs standard | 100 ± 3% | ISO 18314-1 |
| Mill outlet temperature | < 45 °C | jacket thermocouple |
In waterborne flexo inks for corrugated linerboard and PE-coated board, Benzidine Yellow 10G is incorporated into styrene-acrylic emulsion bases at 8–12 wt% pigment solids. The mill base pH is adjusted to 8.5–9.0 with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol or ammonia; below 8.0, emulsion destabilisation produces viscosity spikes above 110 KU on a Stormer viscometer during pump circulation. Dispersion is performed on a closed basket mill with 0.4–0.6 mm zirconia media at a peripheral speed of 6–8 m/s, because open vertical mills permit evaporative ammonia loss and upward pH drift. Wetting is controlled with a high-molecular-weight copolymer dispersant at 3–5% on pigment dry weight; below 2%, the mill base may show low viscosity but develops flooding and colour separation in a 1:1 TiO₂ reduction. Print quality at 120–150 m/min on corrugated board requires final ink viscosity of 35–45 s Shell cup 4 and pH held between 8.2 and 8.7. Hard water above 250 mg/L CaCO₃ precipitates resin and produces visible seed particles; press wash water exceeding 500 mg/L CaCO₃ must be treated before reuse. Rub resistance, tested to ASTM D5264, is controlled by wax level rather than pigment chemistry; 1.0–1.5 wt% high-density polyethylene wax permits 50 rubs with acceptable colour retention, while wax-free formulations fail below 20 rubs.
Lithographic offset tack stability in sheet-fed and UV-hybrid systems is governed by pigment wetting with phenolic-modified rosin and linseed alkyd vehicles. Benzidine Yellow 10G is prepared as a flush paste at 35–40 wt% pigment in a resin/oil phase; the paste is dropped into a three-roll mill at 8–12 g·m tack and 32 °C using an Inkometer 1100 at 1,200 rpm. Final offset inks contain 12–18 wt% of the flushed pigment; above 20 wt%, lithographic water uptake can exceed 40% and tone reduction occurs on gloss-coated stock. Emulsion stability is checked with fountain solution at pH 5.2–5.5 and 10 mS/cm conductivity; after 5 min high-shear mixing, water pickup of 25–35% is considered stable. In metal-decorating tinplate white base blends, the pigment is combined with titanium dioxide at 2.5–4.0 wt% for pale yellow; after epoxy overprint, sterilisation at 121 °C for 30 min requires a shade change below 0.8 ΔE measured to ISO 11664-4. The upstream constraint is moisture: flushed pigment above 1.0% water by Karl Fischer titration creates haze in thermoset varnish overprint, so vacuum dehydration below 0.3% is specified. High-shear stability is monitored on a scraped-surface cone-plate viscometer; a viscosity drop above 15% after 20 min at 10,000 s⁻¹ signals inadequate resin wetting.
For oriented PP and blown HDPE film, Benzidine Yellow 10G is let down from a 40% single-pigment masterbatch through a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder with 32:1 L/D. The pigment is prewetted with 0.1–0.3 wt% mineral oil to control dust and fed through a side stuffer at 25–30% of total throughput; barrel zones are staged from 180 °C at feed to 220 °C at the die, while actual melt temperature is monitored at 215–225 °C. Above 230 °C, shade can move redder by 0.6–1.2 ΔE and strength can drop by 8–12% in a 1:100 letdown, measured by ISO 18314-1 on 2 mm injection-moulded plaques. In extrusion coating of LDPE at 2.0 wt% pigment, filter packs with 20/40/60 mesh retention show pressure build-up below 0.3 bar/h when dispersion quality meets DIN EN 13900-5; larger agglomerates above 40 µm increase filter pressure by 0.8 bar/h and cause visible streaking at coat weights below 15 g/m². The pigment is not recommended in PBT or PA6.6 where processing temperatures exceed 260 °C; published data for this specific configuration are limited.
In flexible PVC extrusion and calendering with DOP/DINP plasticiser systems, Benzidine Yellow 10G is pre-dispersed in plasticiser at 8–12 phr of finished compound. The paste is mixed in a planetary mixer at 500–700 rpm for 20 min, then added to suspension PVC resin, 3–5 phr epoxidized soybean oil, and Ba-Zn stabiliser before two-roll milling at 155–165 °C. Heat stability is confirmed on a laboratory two-roll mill at 180 °C for 10 min; shade variation against a standard is assessed under D65/10° illumination to ISO 11664-4. In calendered film of 80–120 µm thickness, loading of 5–8 phr gives a saturated greenish-yellow without migration into adjacent white PVC after 24 h at 70 °C under 5 kPa pressure, evaluated by ISO 105-A03. The operational boundary is press cake moisture; values above 35% introduce volatiles that form pinholes at calender nip temperatures above 160 °C, so press cake is pre-dried to below 1.0% moisture in a vacuum shelf dryer at 60–70 °C. Plastisol viscosity at 25 °C is held between 2,500 and 4,000 mPa·s on a Brookfield RV #4 spindle at 20 rpm; below 2,000 mPa·s, pigment settling is controlled with 0.2–0.5 phr fumed silica.
In coil coating systems based on high-solids polyester/melamine or thermosetting acrylic, Benzidine Yellow 10G is combined with rutile TiO₂ to produce pale yellow at 0.6–1.5 wt% of total coating solids. The pigment is pre-dispersed under a high-speed dissolver at 1,500–1,800 rpm for 10 min and bead milled with 0.8–1.0 mm ceramic beads; fineness is controlled to 10 µm on a Hegman gauge per ASTM D1210. Coil line peak metal temperatures of 220–240 °C for 35–60 s are generally tolerated, but colour retention in pastel mixtures depends on TiO₂ ratio; a 50:50 titanium dioxide mix shows greater fade than full-shade coatings. QUV-B 313 exposure for 300 h typically gives gloss loss below 15% on polyester/melamine topcoats, while yellow shade change is more pronounced at pigment volume concentration below 0.5%. Residual cobalt from drier systems above 0.05% metal on binder accelerates oxidative fading in alkyd coil primers, so cobalt-free ambient cure is specified for extended exterior exposure. Published data for specific coil primer configurations are limited; final selection must be validated against ISO 105-B02 or ASTM D6695 on the intended substrate.
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Benzidine Yellow 10G is listed as C.I. Pigment Yellow 81, CAS 22094-93-5, C.I. 21108, and belongs to the diarylide disazo pigment class. The grade is manufactured as a halogenated benzidine-derived disazo chromophore coupled to acetoacetarylide components, then conditioned through solvent extraction, pH adjustment, and surface treatment to control dispersibility, viscosity, and residual amine content. Commercial supplies include flash-dried powder, low-dust granules, and presscake with controlled solids. The primary application emphasis is high-color-strength greenish-yellow printing inks, particularly publication gravure and flexographic surface printing, where low mill-base viscosity and clean shade are more important than high opacity.
The designation “10G” identifies the green-shifted masstone relative to neutral yellow grades; it is not a fastness classification. Typical grades show high transparency at equal pigment loading compared with mid-shade diarylide yellows. The pigment is not intended as a universal substitute for high-performance red-shade yellows in engineering plastics because its thermal and migration resistance are lower.
Representative commercial release parameters are given in Table 1. These values are aggregated from publicly available supplier data and are not to be read as manufacturer-specific pass limits.
| Parameter | Test method | Representative value |
|---|---|---|
| Color shade | ISO 787-1 visual drawdown | Greenish yellow, ΔE ≤ 1.0 CIELAB D65/10° vs agreed standard |
| Oil absorption | ISO 787-5:1980 | 40–55 g/100 g |
| pH of aqueous extract | ISO 787-9:1981 | 6.0–8.0 |
| Volatile matter at 105 °C | ISO 787-2:1981 | ≤ 2.0 % |
| Residue on 45 µm sieve | ISO 787-7:2009 | ≤ 0.5 % |
| Specific gravity | ISO 787-10:1993 | 1.35–1.50 |
| Lightfastness full shade | ISO 105-B02:2014 | 5–6 |
| Lightfastness 1:10 titanium dioxide reduction | ISO 105-B02:2014 | 4–5 |
Batch-to-batch shade control on production lines is commonly maintained at ΔE ≤ 1.0 CIELAB units against an approved wet standard using a D65/10° illuminant/observer pair. The oil absorption range of 40–55 g/100 g supports high loading in paste and liquid ink concentrates without excessive grind viscosity. The pH range of 6.0–8.0 reduces acidic or alkaline interaction with nitrocellulose and polyurethane ink resins. Residual volatile matter above 2.0 % is associated with press-side viscosity drift and may require pre-drying at relative humidity above 60 %. Residue on a 45 µm sieve above 0.5 % shortens gravure cylinder life and increases doctor blade wear on high-speed press units.
The main structural distinction is the green-shift combined with high transparency without the severe heat-stability penalty typical of other greenish diarylide grades. Compared with C.I. Pigment Yellow 12, Benzidine Yellow 10G produces lower plastic viscosity at equal pigment loading in solvent-based publication gravure formulas, but its opacity is lower. Formulators adding titanium dioxide for coated paper must recalibrate tint to avoid shade drift. Compared with C.I. Pigment Yellow 14, Benzidine Yellow 10G is greener and less opaque; it is therefore preferred for process-yellow inks where trapping and gloss are more important than hiding power. Compared with C.I. Pigment Yellow 83, the 10G grade is not a high-temperature alternative. C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 offers red-shade, higher opacity, and heat stability through 220–240 °C in engineering thermoplastics, while Benzidine Yellow 10G is normally limited to processing below 200 °C in polyolefins and plasticized PVC. Table 2 summarizes the relative positions.
| C.I. designation | Trade name type | Shade direction | Typical heat resistance | Typical lightfastness full shade | Main application emphasis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 | Benzidine Yellow 10G | Greenish yellow | 180–200 °C | 5–6 | High-speed gravure and flexographic inks |
| C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 | Diarylide Yellow AAA | Greenish yellow | 160–180 °C | 4–5 | Offset and letterpress inks |
| C.I. Pigment Yellow 14 | Diarylide Yellow AAOT | Mid-yellow | 190–200 °C | 5 | Solvent inks and PVC |
| C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 | Diarylide Yellow HR | Red-shade yellow | 220–240 °C | 6–7 | High-performance coatings and engineering plastics |
These comparisons are not direct drop-in equivalences. Rheological performance, crystal size distribution, and surface treatment differ among suppliers. A laboratory wet sample should be prepared at the intended pigment-to-binder ratio before changing an approved ink or masterbatch formulation. The substitution risk is highest in applications where the previous grade was selected for low dot gain or specific solvent retention behaviour rather than shade alone.
In high-speed bead milling, Benzidine Yellow 10G is typically dispersed in nitrocellulose/polyurethane or PVB-based vehicles at pigment loadings of 10–20 wt%. Horizontal bead mills charged with 0.6–0.8 mm zirconium silicate beads and tip speeds of 10–12 m/s reach Hegman gauge values of 6–7 after 45–60 min. Production-scale batch-to-batch variation in grind time can arise from elevated mill-base temperature above 60 °C, which reduces vehicle viscosity and shifts residence-time distribution. Cooling jackets and solvent topping are used to maintain mill-base temperature below 50 °C. The pigment’s oil absorption supports high pigment loading, but excessive shear should be avoided because overgrinding can increase thixotropy and reduce gloss through crystal fracture.
For publication gravure ink concentrates, mill-base viscosity is commonly controlled at 18–25 s DIN 4 mm at 20 °C. Higher viscosity reduces transfer efficiency on high-speed cylinders running at 250–300 m/min. At press viscosity below 18 s DIN 4 mm, dot sharpness and color density can decrease because the ink film on the gravure cylinder becomes too thin. In flexographic water-based formulations, the pH of the finished ink is normally maintained between 8.0 and 9.0; outside this range, viscosity can rise and the pigment can agglomerate. Published data for this specific grade in ultra-low-residual water-based ink systems is limited, so headspace gas chromatography is required when odour and taint specifications apply.
In plastics, compounding is performed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio of 32:1 to 40:1 and barrel temperatures of 160–190 °C for polyolefin masterbatch. Processing above 200 °C lowers tinting strength and increases plate-out on mold surfaces. Plasticized PVC calendering is typically performed at 150–170 °C. The pigment should not be used in polyamide processed above 250 °C. In PVC systems, lead-based stabilizers may require sulfide staining tests; zinc-containing stabilizers are used with caution because zinc chloride can accelerate shade drift under heat and humidity. Storage at relative humidity above 60 % requires pre-drying at 80 °C for 2 h before extrusion to prevent steam-related surface defects.
Substitution in solvent-based flexible packaging inks requires reformulation of the letdown solvent system. Benzidine Yellow 10G has a higher specific surface area than many C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 grades. At equal pigment loading, mill-base viscosity can rise and high-boiling solvent retention can increase. In a polyurethane/nitrocellulose system, a practical starting-point adjustment is to reduce the ester fraction by 5–10 % of total solvent mass and increase ethanol or isopropanol to rebalance solubility without exceeding resin tolerance. Drawdown on corona-treated polyethylene or polyester film should be followed by lamination against polyethylene at 70–80 °C and 2–3 bar. Bond strength should be verified by peel testing at 180° angle and 100 mm/min in accordance with ASTM F88/F88M.
Residual solvent is controlled below 5 mg/m² for low-odour laminates in many converter specifications; the actual limit is end-user specific. Published data for this pigment grade in ultra-low-residual systems is limited, so headspace gas chromatography must be run on the final laminate. Compared with C.I. Pigment Yellow 12, the 10G grade typically shifts hue green and can improve back-trap efficiency at high press speeds, but it may increase dot gain if viscosity is not compensated. The grade is not recommended for lamination inks stored in strong reducing environments because the benzidine-derived disazo structure can undergo reductive cleavage under severe conditions.
Regulatory screening for this pigment class is driven by the benzidine backbone. Although the pigment form has low water solubility and is not generally released as a free aromatic amine in routine aqueous extraction, decomposition under high temperature, strong reducing conditions, or prolonged UV exposure can generate trace amounts of benzidine. Finished articles for skin contact or food packaging are tested by EN ISO 14362-1:2017 to establish whether released aromatic amines exceed the 30 mg/kg threshold. Supplier certificates stating residual free aromatic amines do not replace end-use migration testing. Compliance with EU REACH Annex XVII conditions for azo colourants must be confirmed for each formulated ink, coating, or plastic article. The pigment should not be used in final articles subject to prolonged contact with aqueous acid or alkaline food simulants unless specific migration data support the end use.
