Section
| HS Code | 787103 |
| Productname | Benzidine Yellow 10G |
| Colourindexname | C.I. Pigment Yellow 16 |
| Colourindexnumber | 20040 |
| Casregistrynumber | 6358-85-6 |
| Chemicalclass | Diarylide azo pigment |
| Pigmenttype | Organic yellow pigment |
| Colour | Greenish yellow |
| Physicalform | Powder |
| Watersolubility | Insoluble |
| Specificgravity | Typical 1.3–1.6 g/cm³ |
| Oilabsorption | Typical 30–50 g/100 g |
| Lightfastness | Good |
| Heatstability | Typical up to 180–200 °C |
| Migrationresistance | Good |
| Mainapplications | Paints, printing inks, plastics, and textile printing |
As an accredited Benzidine Yellow 10G factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Benzidine Yellow 10G is supplied in sealed 25 kg fiber drums with inner polyethylene liners for safe storage and transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Loading Benzidine Yellow 10G into a 20-foot FCL container with dry, secure stowage, proper labeling, and moisture protection. |
| Shipping | Benzidine Yellow 10G is generally shipped as a non-hazardous industrial pigment in sealed, labeled containers. Keep dry, avoid dust generation, and protect from moisture and sunlight. Follow local transport regulations; if testing shows hazardous properties, classify and label accordingly. |
| Storage | Store Benzidine Yellow 10G in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, secure area away from heat, ignition sources, strong oxidizers, and acids. Keep containers tightly closed, clearly labeled, and free of dust; segregate from food, feed, and drinking water. Do not permit eating, drinking, or smoking in the storage area. Use appropriate containment and PPE, and follow local regulations for hazardous chemicals. |
| Shelf Life | Benzidine Yellow 10G has a shelf life of several years if kept dry, cool, dark, and tightly sealed; observe supplier’s expiration date. |
Benzidine Yellow 10G (C.I. Pigment Yellow 81), a 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine-derived disazo green-shade yellow, is processed in polyolefin masterbatch production as a 40–50 wt% pigment concentrate in a low-density polyethylene or polypropylene carrier. The compounding step uses a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 44:1, screw diameter 40–75 mm, barrel profile 140–190–200–200–190°C, and specific energy input between 0.18–0.28 kWh/kg. Final let-down ratios into high-density polyethylene or polypropylene are typically 1.0–2.5 wt% concentrate, yielding pigment loadings of 0.08–0.35 wt% in injection-moulded closures and 0.05–0.15 wt% in thin-wall containers with wall sections below 0.8 mm. Melt-flow retention is measured per ISO 1133-1:2022 at 230°C/2.16 kg; production specifications commonly require a drop below 15% compared with the unpigmented resin to avoid short shots in multi-cavity tools with clamp forces above 1,800 kN. Plate-out on mould vents and screw flights is observed when melt temperature exceeds 230°C for residence time above 6 min; the failure mode is controlled by reducing let-down ratio, maintaining screw back pressure at 20–40 bar, and holding mould temperature at 12–18°C. Pre-drying of the concentrate at 80°C for 2 h is required after storage at RH > 65%. Although the commercial name retains “benzidine,” industrial-grade C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 is controlled for free benzidine content; the supplier certificate should state the detection limit, typically below 20 mg/kg. For coloured articles, compliance checks include migration of elements per EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021, REACH Annex XVII entry 43 where the coloured article enters textile or leather supply chains, and Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 for food-contact cases where the colourant is accepted only after specific migration verification for primary aromatic amines below the method limit of 0.01 mg/kg. Terminal products include HDPE caps, polypropylene thin-wall packaging, crates, appliance housing parts, and toy components.
Solvent-based gravure formulations for BOPP and PE surface print comprise 8–12 wt% C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 suspended in a nitrocellulose-polyurethane binder with ethyl acetate and isopropanol as the solvent blend. Dispersion is carried out on a horizontal bead mill to a fineness of grind below 15 µm per ISO 1524:2013; the finished ink is adjusted to 18–22 s efflux time in a 4 mm flow cup at 25°C per ISO 2431:2019. High-light dot gain on the press is controlled by cylinder engraving and doctor blade settings: electromechanically engraved cylinders with 35–45 µm cell depth at 70–80 lines/cm require a blade angle of 55–65° and pressure of 1.6–2.2 bar. Residual solvent in the dry ink film is measured by headspace gas chromatography with a release criterion often set at ≤ 5 mg/m² per solvent for lamination; tunnel temperatures of 55–75°C at 120–180 m/min are typical, but solvent retention increases when the drying air dew point rises above 10°C and causes blocking in rewind. The pigment may show excessive solvent retention in deep-cell engravings above 45 µm if the final drying zone humidity is above 60% RH. Compliance for printed food packaging on the outer non-food-contact side includes EuPIA Good Manufacturing Practice and Swiss Ordinance SR 817.023.21 Annex 6 for printing inks; FDA 21 CFR 175.105 may apply to the laminating adhesive rather than the ink itself, and direct food contact must be excluded. Terminal products include surface-printed BOPP snack pouches, PE bakery film, shrink label stock, and lamination-grade overwrap. Published comparative data for high-speed gravure dot gain with this specific pigment in 8-colour production presses is limited; production trials usually establish tone value increase curves via spectrophotometric measurement per ISO 13655:2017 rather than relying on generic supplier tables.
During knife-over-roll coating of plasticised PVC, C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 is added at 0.5–2.0 phr into a plastisol containing 60–80 phr of a phthalate-free plasticizer such as diisononyl 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DINCH) or dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). High-shear dissolver dispersion at 800–1,200 rpm for 10–15 min is followed by vacuum deaeration at −0.09 MPa to prevent pinholes in the fused film. The coated fabric enters a gelation oven at 180–200°C for 60–90 s; incomplete fusion of the PVC primary particles appears as reduced gloss and lower tensile strength measured per ISO 527-3. Migration fastness is evaluated on the fused film with a contact bleed test against white PVC panels under a 1 kg load at 70°C for 24 h; in DINP/DOTP systems, bleeding becomes measurable above 1.5 phr and constrains the addition rate in light-coloured articles. Regulatory requirements for PVC-P articles include REACH Annex XVII entry 52 for phthalate plasticizers in toys and childcare articles, EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 for migration of specific elements, and RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II for lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium limits in electrical and electronic equipment. Terminal product types include flexible coated tarpaulin, synthetic leather for upholstery, floor expansion joint cover strips, and dip-moulded industrial grips. The pigment is not recommended for exterior PVC profiles due to chromatic drift after prolonged weathering; accelerated exposure per ISO 4892-2:2013 should be conducted if the article is used outdoors.
Water-based flexo inks based on styrene-acrylic or acrylic solution polymers are compounded with 4–10 wt% C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 and milled to a fineness of grind ≤ 10 µm. The press-ready viscosity is 25–35 s in a 4 mm flow cup at 25°C, with initial pH 8.6–9.2. In enclosed doctor-blade systems on corrugated and preprint lines, the ink in the return line can rise above pH 9.5 due to ammonia evaporation and top-up water addition, which causes amine neutralisation loss, polymer solubilisation shift, and subsequent pigment flocculation visible as higher dot gain and lower chroma. This effect is controlled by automatic viscosity controllers and pH correction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol to keep the total volatile amine content stable; press speed is usually 150–250 m/min with anilox rolls of 300–400 lines/in and cell volume 8–12 cm³/m². Drying at 70–90°C with air impingement removes water and ammonia; residual amine odour must be below the packager’s sensory threshold. Compliance for paper and paperboard food packaging uses FDA 21 CFR 176.170 for aqueous coatings, EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 for toy packaging, and EuPIA GMP for low migration inks; the ink is typically applied to the non-food-contact side of corrugated liner. Terminal products include corrugated transit packaging, paper shopping bags, point-of-sale displays, and preprint liner used for food-contact secondary packaging.
Before electrostatic spray application to metal furniture, the pigment is pre-blended into a polyester-epoxy hybrid or isocyanate-cured polyester at 1.0–3.0 wt% of total formulation; the compounded chip is produced on a twin-screw extruder with barrel temperature 90–110°C, screw speed 250–350 rpm, and chill roll cooling before air-classifier milling to D50 30–40 µm. Electrostatic spray application at 60–90 kV with a charge-to-mass ratio of 0.5–2.0 µC/g is used to coat metal furniture and appliance panels; film build is 60–100 µm and cure schedules are 180–200°C for 10–15 min. Cure dwell is critical because C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 can shift toward a redder yellow if the peak metal temperature exceeds 210°C for more than 12 min in a hybrid system. Impact fusion and cure response are checked per ASTM D2794 for impact resistance and ISO 2360:2017 for coating thickness. Compliance includes FDA 21 CFR 175.300 for incidental food-contact coatings, EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 for coated toys, and RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II for homogeneous materials in electrical and electronic equipment; lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium thresholds must be met. Terminal products are steel shelf panels, office furniture frames, appliance side panels, and interior metal fittings. Exterior coil coating is outside the pigment’s reliable performance window due to limited lightfastness; accelerated weathering per ASTM G154 UVA-340 should include ΔE and gloss retention data before specification.
In natural rubber latex compounding, C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 is pre-dispersed as a 30–50 wt% aqueous paste with dispersing agent and milled on a ball mill or bead mill to a D90 particle size below 10 µm before addition to the ammoniated latex compound. Dry pigment addition directly into the latex causes localised pH collapse, coagulum formation, and hard specks in dipped film, a failure mode observed on continuous chain-dipping lines. The addition rate is 0.5–2.0 phr dry pigment on rubber solids, and the dispersion is stirred slowly into the latex before compounding with zinc oxide, sulphur, and accelerator dispersions. Vulcanisation for toy balloons and household gloves is typically 100–120°C for 20–40 min; tensile strength and elongation are measured per ISO 37:2017. Compliance for rubber articles includes FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 for repeated-use rubber articles, EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 for toy balloons, and REACH Annex XVII entry 43 may be applied as a supply-chain control where the pigmented rubber is later laminated to textile or leather rather than as an automatic rubber-article requirement. Terminal product types include coloured toy balloons, rubber bands, household gloves, and exercise resistance bands. Published data for this specific pigment in ammoniated natural rubber latex is limited; production trials typically evaluate 72 h storage stability using laser diffraction D90 and viscosity retention rather than relying on supplier generic dispersion curves.
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Benzidine Yellow 10G is the commercial designation for the disazo condensation pigment C.I. Pigment Yellow 81, C.I. 21127, CAS 22094-93-5, with molecular formula C36H34Cl4N6O4 and molar mass 756.5 g/mol. The product is manufactured by tetrazotization of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobenzidine and coupling with acetoacet-2,4-xylidide, followed by pH-buffered aqueous milling, filtration, washing, and vacuum drying at 80°C–100°C to a residual moisture limit of ≤ 1.0% when tested according to ISO 787-2:1981. Commercial supply forms include air-milled powder, low-dust granules, and high-solids presscake for flushing operations. Primary applications include polyolefin masterbatch at addition levels of 0.1–2.0 wt%, solvent-based gravure and flexographic packaging inks at 5–15 wt% pigment loading, coil coatings, and flexible PVC calendering. The green-shade yellow position distinguishes the product from the redder C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 and C.I. Pigment Yellow 13 series, while the tetrachlorinated benzidine core provides a different migration and heat-resistance profile than the dichloro analogues.
Typical powder grades are controlled to a 45 µm sieve residue below 0.5% by ISO 787-7:2009, an aqueous suspension pH of 6.0–8.0 by ISO 787-9:1981, and oil absorption between 35 g/100 g and 45 g/100 g by ISO 787-5:1980. The relatively low oil absorption relative to C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 permits higher pigment loading in nonaqueous dispersion systems before the yield stress exceeds the operating limits of a high-speed dissolver. Bulk density for air-milled powder is typically 0.20–0.35 g/cm³, while low-dust granular forms range from 0.45–0.60 g/cm³; these values are batch dependent and are reported in supplier certificates of analysis.
Tinting strength is evaluated against a master standard by mixing 1 part pigment with 10 parts titanium dioxide in a linseed oil alkyd medium and drawing down at 100 µm wet film thickness. Typical approved lots exhibit tinting strength within ± 5% of the standard under D65 illumination per ISO 3668:2020. Undertone drift can arise from incomplete washing: residual electrolyte above 0.3% as sodium chloride lowers the aqueous extract pH and shifts undertone toward redder yellow. High-performance liquid chromatography for free coupling components is used to confirm washing efficiency; limits for residual acetoacet-2,4-xylidide are typically set below 50 mg/kg.
For applications requiring transparent yellow, a wet-milled presscake with BET specific surface area above 15 m²/g is preferred. The higher surface area increases tinting strength in white reductions but also raises mill-base viscosity in solvent systems. Dry powder grades with surface area below 12 m²/g yield more opaque, redder undertone and are easier to disperse in polyolefin concentrates. These differences are batch controlled by nitrogen adsorption per ISO 9277:2022 and by particle-size analysis per ISO 13320:2020 laser diffraction; the median particle diameter of air-milled powder is commonly 0.4–0.8 µm, while the D90 is below 2.0 µm.
Replacing the 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine precursor used in C.I. Pigment Yellow 12, C.I. 21090, with 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobenzidine introduces additional electron-withdrawing chlorine substituents ortho to the azo chromophores. The resulting hypsochromic shift of the principal visible absorption band reduces red-side reflectance and yields a greener yellow. In side-by-side CIELAB evaluations of identical injection-moulded polypropylene plaques at 0.5% pigment loading, C.I. Pigment Yellow 81 typically exhibits a hue angle 4°–7° higher than C.I. Pigment Yellow 13, although published data for this specific configuration is limited and primary particle-size differences among suppliers can alter the perceptual difference. The tetrachlorinated structure also reduces solubility in plasticizers and organic solvents, which contributes to improved migration resistance in flexible PVC and reduces bloom on calendered sheet.
Thermogravimetric analysis of dry powder under nitrogen at 10 K/min shows the onset of decomposition near 280°C, but practical processing stability in polymers is lower because residence time, oxygen, and resin-acid catalysis accelerate chromophore degradation. The product is therefore assigned a 200°C short-term heat resistance in LDPE and 220°C in HDPE by manufacturer test methods; prolonged melt temperatures above 230°C produce visible darkening and gas evolution in extrusion trials.
Production-scale masterbatch trials on a 40 mm co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 44:1 and vacuum devolatilisation demonstrate that Benzidine Yellow 10G can be compounded at 40 wt% pigment loading when the powder is side-fed downstream of the polymer melting zone. Barrel temperatures from 160°C at the main feed to 220°C at the strand die, with screw speed 400–600 min⁻¹, typically produce a filtered melt pressure rise below 1.0 MPa across a 200 µm screen pack over 4 h. Dispersive quality is assessed by ISO 1524:2020 Hegman drawdown; readings below 6 indicate residual agglomerates that cause surface specks in blown films below 25 µm thickness. A single-screw extruder with L/D 24:1 may require higher dispersion-aid levels or a secondary mixing zone to reach equivalent dispersion because the disazo pigment aggregates are not completely disrupted by low-shear conveying.
At 2.5 wt% pigment loading in LLDPE, melt flow index per ISO 1133-1:2022 at 190°C/2.16 kg typically changes by less than 10% relative to un-pigmented resin, provided the melt temperature does not exceed 200°C. Higher pigment loadings up to 40 wt% in masterbatch raise torque at the extruder gearbox by 15–20%; torque-limited lines therefore require a melt-fed side screw or staged feeding. Pre-drying is required when storage relative humidity exceeds 60%; drying at 80°C–90°C for 2 h in a through-circulation oven restores flowability and prevents feeding fluctuation on loss-in-weight gravimetric hoppers. The product should not be blended with amine-based slip additives at concentrations above 0.5 wt% during high-temperature compounding, because amine-azo interactions can produce a redder shade and increase plate-out on die lips. Melt temperatures exceeding 240°C, or residence times beyond 90 s at 230°C, are outside the recommended operating window and have been associated with batch-to-batch colour variation on production lines.
Solvent-based gravure inks use Benzidine Yellow 10G at pigment loadings of 5–15 wt% in ethanol/n-propyl acetate blends. In this application the presscake form with 35–40% solids is preferred over dry powder because direct powder incorporation raises base ink viscosity and can exceed the 20–25 s target for a DIN 53211:2005 cup with 4 mm orifice. Bead-mill dispersion with 0.8–1.2 mm yttria-stabilized zirconia media at tip speeds of 10–12 m/s for 45–60 min commonly reduces Hegman gauge readings per ISO 1524:2020 to below 10 µm. The pigment is compatible with nitrocellulose, polyvinyl butyral, and polyurethane binders, but excess amine pH adjusters above 0.3% on total vehicle are not recommended; amine-azo interactions have caused shade drift toward redder yellow and reduced colour strength.
Printing on corona-treated white polyethylene film at dry film thickness 1.5–2.0 µm produces adequate adhesion and a green-shade yellow suitable for gravure lamination inks. Lamination with polyethylene extrusion at melt temperatures above 300°C is not recommended unless the specific ink system is tested for heat-seal strength per ASTM F88/F88M-21 and for retained solvent by gas chromatography; published data for Benzidine Yellow 10G in this specific lamination configuration is limited.
The following representative values are compiled from public pigment database entries and manufacturer technical bulletins. They are not batch specifications and are included to support grade selection between C.I. Pigment Yellow 12, C.I. Pigment Yellow 13, C.I. Pigment Yellow 81, and C.I. Pigment Yellow 83.
| Property | PY12 | PY13 | Benzidine Yellow 10G / PY81 | PY83 | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colour Index designation | 21090 | 21100 | 21127 | 21108 | — |
| CAS RN | 6358-85-6 | 5102-83-0 | 22094-93-5 | 5567-15-7 | — |
| Benzidine core substitution | dichloro | dichloro | tetrachloro | dichloro | — |
| Oil absorption (g/100 g) | 40–50 | 35–45 | 35–45 | 35–45 | ISO 787-5:1980 |
| pH of aqueous extract | 6.0–8.0 | 6.0–8.0 | 6.0–8.0 | 6.0–8.0 | ISO 787-9:1981 |
| Heat resistance in polyolefins | 180–200°C | 190–210°C | 200–220°C | 220–240°C | Manufacturer short-dwell method |
| Full-shade lightfastness, blue wool | 5–6 | 5–6 | 6–7 | 6–7 | ISO 105-B02:2014 |
Table values should not be used as release limits. For a specific shipment, the batch certificate supersedes typical data, and shade acceptance is determined against a mutually agreed standard drawdown prepared on an automatic film applicator at 100 µm wet film thickness and evaluated under D65 illumination per ISO 3668:2020.
Flexible PVC calendering evaluations at 0.5 wt% pigment in a 50 phr dioctyl phthalate formulation show no visible plate-out on polished chrome rolls after 8 h continuous running at 170°C when the pigment is predispered in 5 wt% epoxidized soybean oil. In sulfur-cured SBR rubber compounds, addition of 1.0 phr Benzidine Yellow 10G does not measurably alter vulcanization kinetics as determined by moving-die rheometry per ISO 6502:2016; scorch time Ts2 remains within ± 5% of the un-pigmented control. Pigment loadings above 3.0 phr are not recommended because the disazo pigment can adsorb vulcanization accelerators and reduce modulus.
Regulatory positioning for Benzidine Yellow 10G is batch specific. The pigment is insoluble in water and common solvents, and the free tetrachlorobenzidine content is typically below the analytical reporting limit of 10 mg/kg by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. However, thermal degradation or reductive cleavage in some processing environments can generate aromatic amines; therefore extraction should be performed under the migration conditions of the relevant food-contact or toy standard before making compliance claims. Under EU 10/2011, positive migration testing with food simulants is mandatory for food-contact uses; the same applies to EN 71-3 for toy safety where heavy metal release limits apply. RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU certificates for lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium by IEC 62321 are normally below 100 mg/kg for the pure pigment, but total content does not establish electrical equipment compliance without finished-article testing.
The batch-level compliance documents normally requested for a dry pigment shipment are summarised below.
| Obligation | Certification/test | Typical batch result |
|---|---|---|
| REACH SVHC under Article 33 | Supplier self-declaration; target screening for 0.1% w/w | No SVHC above threshold in dry pigment |
| RoHS 2011/65/EU | ICP-OES after acid digestion per IEC 62321 | Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr(VI) below 100 mg/kg |
| Packaging Directive 94/62/EC | Sum of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr(VI) | Below 100 mg/kg |
| TSCA inventory | CAS 22094-93-5 listing | Listed |
| Food contact EU 10/2011 | Migration testing with simulant per finished article | Not certified as a food-contact substance without testing |
Warehouse handling of Benzidine Yellow 10G should observe dust extraction at 10–15 m/s capture velocity at bag-dump stations. Personal exposure limits for nuisance dust apply; however, the product is not classified as readily soluble. Spill residues should be collected with a vacuum equipped with HEPA filtration rather than dry sweeping, because the fine primary particles become airborne below 0.5 m/s air velocity.
