Section
| HS Code | 145001 |
| Productname | Permanent Yellow HR277 |
| Colorindexname | C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 |
| Colorindexnumber | 21108 |
| Casnumber | 5567-15-7 |
| Einecsnumber | 226-939-8 |
| Chemicalclass | Diarylide azo organic pigment |
| Molecularformula | C36H32Cl4N6O8 |
| Molecularweight | 818.49 g/mol |
| Appearance | Yellow powder |
| Colorshade | Yellow |
| Specificgravity | 1.45–1.55 g/cm³ |
| Oilabsorption | 35–45 g/100 g |
| Ph | 6–8 |
| Moisturecontent | ≤1.0% |
| Watersolublematter | ≤1.0% |
| Heatresistance | 200–220 °C |
| Lightfastness | 6–7 on 1–8 scale |
| Migrationresistance | 4–5 |
| Acidresistance | 5 |
| Alkaliresistance | 5 |
| Solventresistance | 4–5 |
As an accredited Permanent Yellow HR277 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Permanent Yellow HR277 is packaged in 25 kg net multi-wall paper sacks with polyethylene liners, supplied palletized and shrink-wrapped. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL loading: Permanent Yellow HR277 in sealed palletized bags, evenly distributed, secured, moisture-protected, labeled, and inspected for compliant transport. |
| Shipping | Permanent Yellow HR277 (C.I. Pigment Yellow 83) is generally not classified as dangerous goods for transport. Ship in dry, sealed containers at ambient temperature, away from moisture, heat, and strong oxidizers. Consult the SDS and applicable local, national, and international shipping regulations before shipment. |
| Storage | Store Permanent Yellow HR277 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, ignition sources, and incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers, acids, and alkalis. Keep containers tightly closed and clearly labeled to prevent dust generation and moisture ingress. Use appropriate secondary containment and follow local regulations and SDS guidance. |
| Shelf Life | Shelf life is typically five years when stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and moisture. |
High-opacity mass coloration of injection-moulded HDPE crates and PP automotive interior components with Permanent Yellow HR277 requires pigment loadings that do not induce screw slip, filter blockage, or shade drift across multi-cavity tools. In a 20–40 wt% pigment masterbatch produced on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio of 40:1–44:1, the concentrate is let down at 30:1–50:1 to give a final pigment content of 0.5–2.0 wt% in the moulded article. The production sequence includes pre-drying the pigment at 80°C for 2 h when warehouse relative humidity exceeds 60% RH, metering through a side feeder into a polypropylene or polyethylene carrier at a melt temperature not exceeding 230°C, and passing through a 150–250 µm screen pack before strand pelletising. On production-scale lines, batch-to-batch variance in pigment surface area of ±5 m²/g alters dispersant demand and can produce visible strength differences at letdown ratios above 40:1 unless the carrier melt mass-flow rate is held within 15–25 g/10 min at 230°C/2.16 kg per ISO 1133-1:2022. Compliance for the masterbatch and final articles is referenced to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II for lead, cadmium, mercury, and hexavalent chromium, and EN 71-3 for toy-grade polyolefin articles where heavy-metal migration limits apply. Light and weather fastness validation uses ASTM D4459-21 for xenon-arc exposure of plastics and ISO 4892-2:2013 when outdoor service life is specified. The pigment is not recommended for polyamide or PET mass coloration because melt temperatures above 250°C produce measurable degradation; published data for this specific configuration is limited, and plant trials at the target wall thickness are required before commercial approval. Terminal finished product types include HDPE closure caps, PP storage crates, automotive interior pillar trims, stadium seats, battery housings, and rigid outdoor furniture where the yellow shade must survive long-term UV exposure without migrating into adjacent unpigmented layers.
| Control parameter | Method/standard | Typical target for HR277 |
|---|---|---|
| Volatile matter | ISO 787-2:1981 | ≤1.5% after 105°C |
| Oil absorption | ISO 787-5:1980 | 35–45 g/100g |
| Heavy metal content | Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II | Pb ≤1000 mg/kg; Cd ≤100 mg/kg; Hg ≤1000 mg/kg; Cr(VI) ≤1000 mg/kg |
| Restricted aromatic amines | Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Annex XVII entry 43 | No release above 30 mg/kg in restricted articles |
| Xenon-arc weather fastness | ASTM D4459-21 / ISO 4892-2:2013 | Full-shade rating not lower than 7 on the blue wool scale after specified exposure |
In low-VOC styrene-acrylic facade paints formulated below 50 g/L VOC under Directive 2004/42/EC, Permanent Yellow HR277 is normally incorporated through a pre-dispersed pigment paste prepared on a high-speed dissolver at a tip speed of 18–22 m/s followed by horizontal bead milling to a Hegman grind gauge reading of 6.5–7.0. The millbase typically contains 35–45 wt% pigment, 15–20 wt% ammonium salt of an acrylic copolymer dispersant, and 5–10 wt% coalescent-free propylene glycol, with the finished paint containing 0.5–3.0 wt% pigment for tinted architectural shades and 3.0–8.0 wt% for full-shade yellow facade coatings. Scrub resistance is evaluated according to ISO 11998, with wet scrub removal below 5 µm after 200 cycles for high-traffic interior walls; resistance to household chemicals is assessed under ISO 2812-1 with 24 h contact time. Heavy metal conformity for the dried film is verified against Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II limits, and the pigment grade should be supported by a certificate of analysis confirming no detectable free 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine above the laboratory reporting limit. The pigment shows acceptable compatibility with acrylic and styrene-acrylic binders but should not be used without dispersion stability testing in silicate-based facade systems above pH 11, because prolonged wet storage can produce shade drift and flocculation. For deep-tone and full-shade paints, a flooding index test after 7 days at 50°C should be performed to confirm no ΔE*ab greater than 1.0 between the upper and lower film surface. Terminal product types include exterior masonry paints, interior wall emulsions for hospitals and schools, decorative wood primers, and elastomeric roof coatings where the formulation must maintain low dirt pickup.
In polyester/epoxy hybrid powder coatings for domestic appliance panels and architectural aluminium, Permanent Yellow HR277 is dispersed at 1.0–3.5 wt% of the total powder formulation; tinted pastel yellows use 0.2–1.0 wt% combined with titanium dioxide grades selected for low free-metal content. The production line uses a twin-screw extruder with a 16:1–20:1 L/D barrel, screws configured with low-shear forwarding elements, and barrel zones set at 90–115°C; specific energy input is held at 0.08–0.15 kWh/kg because excessive mechanical energy introduces pre-gelation in the epoxy component and causes gloss reduction after curing. The extrudate is chilled on a stainless steel cooling belt to below 40°C before chip crushing and pin milling, then classified to a maximum particle size of 125 µm; electrostatic application on a corona gun at 60–90 kV deposits a film thickness of 60–90 µm that is cured at 200°C for 10 min. Overbake yellowing is evaluated by measuring Δb* CIELAB after 30 min at 200°C against a 10 min control panel; the powder coating should also meet ASTM D3359-23 adhesion classifications of 4B or better after 1000 h of ASTM G154 cycle 1 accelerated weathering. Industry compliance standards include ISO 8130-4:2021 for thermal stability of powder coating materials, ISO 4892-2:2013 for xenon-arc weathering, and AAMA 2604 for architectural aluminium finishes where the yellow shade is exposed to South Florida horizontal sun. The pigment is not recommended for full-shade powder coatings that must survive 5-year Florida weathering with ΔE*ab below 2.0 because published data for this specific configuration is limited; initial plant weathering panels are required. Terminal finished product types include kitchen appliance side panels, aluminium window frames, lawn and patio furniture, bicycle frames, and lighting fixtures where the yellow shade must remain stable on curved edges and weld seams.
For flexible PVC calendering at 160–190°C with 45–60 phr DINP, Permanent Yellow HR277 is preferably pre-dispersed in a plasticizer paste containing 10–25 wt% pigment rather than added as dry powder to the hot mixer, because dry-pigment agglomerates can plate out on the calender rolls and create visible specks in 200 µm films. The final precolored PVC compound carries 0.3–1.5 phr pigment; higher loadings up to 4.0 phr are used only in calendered sheet for credit-card and decorative laminates where edge definition and opacity are critical. Processing typically begins in a hot mixer at 80–90°C, followed by a Farrell continuous mixer dropping at 150°C and a two-roll mill at 160–175°C before the calender stack at 180–190°C; melt pressure in the calender nip should be controlled within ±5% of the reference setting to avoid thickness variation in high-speed flooring lines. Compliance for heavy metals in the final article is assessed against Directive 2011/65/EU Annex II, and toy-grade plastisol applications additionally require EN 71-3 migration tests for 19 elements; the pigment should not be substituted into rigid PVC pipe formulations without verifying heat stability because hydrochloric acid liberated during PVC decomposition above 190°C can accelerate shade change. Terminal finished product types include calendered floor tiles, wall coverings, wire and cable jacketing, automotive interior skins, conveyor belt covers, and tarpaulin fabrics where the yellow must withstand plasticizer exudation and repeated flexing.
Full-shade machinery yellow enamel based on a medium-oil alkyd and 3.0–7.0 wt% Permanent Yellow HR277 is prepared with a high-shear dissolver at 15–20 m/s followed by a bead mill charged with 1.0–1.2 mm yttria-stabilised zirconia media; grind fineness is checked to Hegman gauge reading 6.0–6.5 before final letdown with 0.3–0.5 wt% cobalt octoate and 0.2–0.4 wt% calcium drier. The pigment has adequate xylene tolerance for spray-applied alkyd systems but prolonged contact with methyl ethyl ketone or ethyl acetate above 10% of total solvent should be avoided unless a solvent bleed test under ISO 2812-1 is conducted for 24 h on the cured film. The formulation must comply with EU Directive 2004/42/EC for industrial maintenance coatings, and the dried film must pass ASTM D3359-23 adhesion testing on phosphatised steel, ISO 1519:2011 cylindrical bend testing, and ASTM D4587-21 fluorescent UV/condensation exposure with a ΔE*ab not exceeding 2.0 after 300 h. Terminal product types include agricultural tractors, construction equipment, hydraulic lifts, safety barriers, fire escapes, and storage racks where solid-yellow visibility is specified by worksite safety codes.
In alcohol-rich nitrocellulose/polyurethane flexo inks printed on corona-treated BOPP at 150–200 m/min, Permanent Yellow HR277 is let down at a resin-to-pigment ratio of 1.5:1–2.5:1 to produce a finished ink containing 8–15 wt% pigment in the liquid ink. The millbase is dispersed on a horizontal bead mill with 0.6–0.8 mm yttria-stabilised zirconia media in two passes, and the final viscosity is adjusted to 20–30 s on a Zahn 2 cup before printing through ceramic anilox rolls of 80–120 lines/cm; lamination bond strength after solvent-based adhesive application is tested under ASTM D1876-21 T-peel condition. For food-contact flexible packaging, the printed laminate must comply with Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004, and if placed on the internal side or in potential set-off contact, compliance with Swiss Ordinance SR 817.023.21 and Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 is required through migration testing; without migration data, the pigment should be used only in the outer print layer of a functional barrier laminate. The pigment is not recommended for steam retort or autoclave pouches above 121°C unless the complete laminate is subjected to migration and bond-strength validation, because published data for this specific configuration is limited. Terminal finished product types include dry snack pouches, paper cartons, labels, aluminium foil overwraps, and shrink-sleeve graphics where the yellow must resist bleeding into adhesive layers at bond line temperatures.
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Among diarylide yellow pigments used in industrial coatings, printing inks and thermoplastic masterbatches, Permanent Yellow HR277 is supplied as a C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 grade with CAS 5567-15-7. The chromophore is a bis(acetoacetarylide) disazo compound formed from 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine and 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyacetoacetanilide; the molecular formula C36H32Cl4N6O8 corresponds to a molar mass of 817.8 g/mol. In masstone the grade produces a mid-shade yellow with moderate green undertone; in 1:5 white reductions with titanium dioxide the tint is a neutral yellow with semi-opaque hiding. The HR277 designation refers to a surface-treated, low-dusting grade intended for high-shear dispersion in solventborne and waterborne coatings, packaging inks, and thermoplastic masterbatches. As with most organic pigment grades, lot-specific certificates of analysis are controlling, and the property ranges in Table 1 are compiled from published C.I. Pigment Yellow 83 supplier literature rather than a single universal specification.
Purchasing specifications for organic pigments generally use the ISO 787 series for physical acceptance testing. For HR277, the most relevant incoming-inspection parameters are mass loss at 105 °C, oil absorption, pH of aqueous suspension, sieve residue and water-soluble matter. Oil absorption is a critical dispersion indicator because it correlates with vehicle demand in lithographic ink and with pigment volume concentration calculation in coating formulas. A lot with oil absorption above the acceptance ceiling usually requires a higher grinding-resin fraction or a longer bead-mill pass. The ranges in Table 1 are typical for controlled-strength diarylide yellow grades; local release limits may be narrower.
| Property | Test method | Typical acceptance range or value |
|---|---|---|
| Mass loss at 105 °C | ISO 787-2:1980 | ≤1.5 wt% |
| Oil absorption | ISO 787-5:1980 | 35–45 g/100 g |
| pH of aqueous suspension | ISO 787-9:2019 | 6.0–8.0 |
| Residue on 45 µm sieve | ISO 787-7:2009 | ≤0.10 wt% |
| Density at 25 °C | ISO 787-10:1993 | 1.38–1.48 g/cm³ |
| Specific surface area by BET | ISO 9277:2010 | 25–45 m²/g |
| Water-soluble matter | ISO 787-3:2000 | ≤0.5 wt% |
Colour strength and shade are not controlled by the ISO 787 physical tests alone. Incoming laboratories typically disperse the pigment in a standard alkyd vehicle at 10 wt% pigment solids on a three-roll mill and compare 1:5 white reductions against a retained standard using ISO/CIE 11664-4:2020 colour-difference reporting. A batch is generally accepted when ΔE*ab is ≤0.5 against the agreed standard under D65/10° illuminant-observer conditions. Larger ΔE*ab values may still be acceptable for tinting applications, but not for printing inks where hue consistency across packaging jobs is critical.
In solventborne air-drying alkyd systems, the pigment is pre-wet under a Cowles disperser at tip speeds of 15–20 m/s before being finished in a horizontal bead mill charged with 0.8–1.2 mm zirconium-oxide beads. Fineness of grind is checked according to ISO 1524:2013; typical target values are ≤10 µm for industrial coatings and ≤5 µm for packaging gravure inks. If the bead-mill residence time is extended beyond 45 min, the temperature of the millbase can exceed 60 °C, which may increase vehicle viscosity and reduce bead separation efficiency. The use of a water-cooled mill jacket and a rotor speed of 10–12 m/s is therefore specified for high-pigment-loading batches.
In waterborne acrylic systems, pH adjustment to 8.0–9.0 with ammonia or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol improves wetting, but prolonged storage of the aqueous pigment slurry above pH 9.0 is not recommended because alkaline hydrolysis of the azo chromophore can produce measurable shade drift. Addition of 0.5–1.0 wt% of a nonionic wetting agent based on pigment weight is common, but the choice should be confirmed by foam-generation tests under high-speed mixing because excessive surfactant can destabilize coating viscosity. For white reductions, the grade exhibits moderate tinting strength; formulators using 20 wt% titanium dioxide in the dry film typically require 1.5–2.0 wt% HR277 to match a mid-yellow standard under D65/10° conditions.
In sheetfed offset lithographic inks, the pigment is dispersed in a high-tack linseed-oil/aluminium-alkyd vehicle at 15–25 wt% pigment loading on a three-roll mill with nip pressures of 0.5–1.5 MPa and roll temperatures of 25–40 °C. The resulting ink phase must pass a 25 µm screen filter without pressure rise greater than 0.2 MPa over 30 min on a screen pack; persistent pressure rise indicates residual oversized particles from incomplete dispersion. Compared with C.I. Pigment Yellow 13, HR277 provides higher heat stability in polyolefin lamination and better migration resistance in PVC, but at a higher cost per kilogram and with a slightly lower tinting strength in some ink systems.
The first boundary is hiding power. Lead chromate yellow has a density of approximately 5.4–6.0 g/cm³ and a high refractive index; HR277 density is approximately 1.4 g/cm³, so direct mass-for-mass replacement produces a translucent extrudate unless titanium dioxide is added. A starting replacement formula for a medium-yellow PVC profile is 0.3 wt% HR277 plus 1.0–1.5 wt% rutile TiO₂, processed on a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 30:1 and barrel temperatures of 170–190 °C. At these temperatures the pigment remains colour-stable, with measured ΔE*ab after static oven ageing at 180 °C for 30 min generally below 1.0 when colour difference is calculated according to ISO/CIE 11664-4:2020. Above 200 °C, heat exposure should be limited to short dwell times; at 240 °C in polypropylene, residence times exceeding 3 min may produce a measurable red-shift and reduced chroma because of incipient thermal decomposition of the diarylide structure.
At the same pigment concentration, the use of HR277 lowers extrudate specific gravity relative to lead chromate, which can reduce grammage in pipe and profile metering. However, the lower density also means that the pigment is more difficult to feed by weight; gravimetric feeders calibrated for lead chromate may need screw-flight clearance and refill rate adjustments to avoid pulsation in the downstream melt. The use of low-dust granule forms of HR277 mitigates these feeding issues, but published data for this specific configuration is limited.
| Property and basis | Permanent Yellow HR277, C.I. PY83 | C.I. Pigment Yellow 74 | C.I. Pigment Yellow 180 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full-shade lightfastness in alkyd, ISO 105-B02:2014 | 6–7 | 7 | 8 |
| Heat stability in polyolefin, 5 min dwell | 220–240 °C | 150–180 °C | 260–280 °C |
| Migration resistance in flexible PVC | good | moderate | excellent |
| Solvent fastness to ketone/ester blends | good | moderate | excellent |
This comparison explains why HR277 is selected for packaging gravure and PVC applications where a balance of heat stability and migration resistance is required, while C.I. Pigment Yellow 180 is reserved for exterior coil coatings or high-temperature engineering resins. The cost per kilogram of HR277 is generally below that of benzimidazolone yellows but above that of monoazo yellow grades. The grade should not be treated as a drop-in replacement for C.I. Pigment Yellow 180 in automotive topcoats without re-validating accelerated weathering under ISO 4892-2:2013; the diarylide chemistry does not provide the same exterior durability.
For polyolefin masterbatch production on a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with L/D 40:1, HR277 is typically let down at 1:25–1:50, with melt temperatures of 210–230 °C for low-density polyethylene and 220–240 °C for polypropylene. The main processing limitation is not dispersion but thermal stress on the pigment during high-shear compounding; increasing screw speed above 600 min⁻¹ may raise local melt temperature at kneading blocks by 5–15 °C above the barrel setpoint. Filter pressure rise across a 40 µm screen pack can be used as a dispersion check, but it should be interpreted alongside sieve residue because pressure rise can also come from other masterbatch components. If storage relative humidity exceeds 60 %, pre-drying of the pigment at 80–100 °C for 2 h is recommended before gravimetric metering; free moisture above 0.5 wt% can cause feed bridging and inconsistent masterbatch colour.
Regulatory compliance for HR277 must be established for the final article. Under the EU REACH regulation, diarylide yellow pigments are subject to restriction on aromatic amines if free 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine is above migration limits; no food-contact positive-list entry should be assumed without verification against EU Regulation 10/2011 or FDA 21 CFR 178.3297. For toy or childcare articles, compliance with EN 71-3:2019+A1:2021 and REACH Annex XVII entry 43 must be demonstrated by extraction testing of the finished polymer or ink film. The pigment does not rely on lead-containing chromophores and therefore does not fall under the lead restriction of RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU, but overall lead content in the final coating may still be influenced by other raw materials.
