Section
| HS Code | 356550 |
| Product Name | Direct Green BE |
| Product Category | Direct dye |
| Color Shade | Green |
| Physical Form | Powder |
| Solubility | Soluble in water |
| Chemical Class | Direct azo dye |
| Application Substrate | Cotton, viscose, and other cellulosic fibers |
| Dyeing Method | Exhaust dyeing |
| Typical Dyeing Temperature | 80-95 °C |
| Typical Ph Range | 7-9 |
| Electrolyte Requirement | Sodium chloride or sodium sulfate |
| Light Fastness | Moderate |
| Washing Fastness | Moderate |
| Storage Conditions | Cool, dry, and ventilated area |
As an accredited Direct Green BE factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Direct Green BE is packaged in 25 kg net multiwall paper bags with inner polyethylene liners for safe industrial storage and handling. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Direct Green BE is palletized in drums, shrink-wrapped, and loaded into a 20′ FCL container, secured for ocean shipment. |
| Shipping | Direct Green BE is typically shipped as a non-regulated dye, not classified as dangerous goods for normal transport unless its SDS states otherwise. Use sealed, labeled containers; protect from moisture, heat, and direct sunlight. Store in a cool, dry, ventilated area away from oxidizers. Follow local rules and standard PPE. |
| Storage | Store Direct Green BE in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat, ignition sources, and incompatible materials such as strong oxidizers, acids, and bases. Keep containers tightly closed and protect from moisture and dust. Separate from food, feed, and drinking water. Use appropriate personal protective equipment and follow local regulations. Store only in original labeled containers. |
| Shelf Life | Direct Green BE typically has a 24-month shelf life when stored sealed in a cool, dry, ventilated place away from light and moisture. |
Exhaust dyeing of pre-scoured cotton single-jersey knitgoods with Direct Green BE is carried out in an overflow jet dyeing machine configured for a liquor ratio of 1:8 to 1:12. The fabric is loaded after enzymatic scouring and peroxide bleaching, then wetted at 35°C with 0.5–1.0 g/L polyacrylate sequestrant maintained because hardness above 100 mg/L CaCO₃ triggers aggregation of the anionic dye. Direct Green BE is pre-dissolved at 60°C and dosed into the expansion tank over 10 min; addition ratio is 0.5–2.5% owf for medium-to-deep green shades. Calcined sodium sulfate is divided into two doses at 70°C and 90°C to a final concentration of 10–30 g/L, and the bath is ramped to 95–98°C at 1.5–2.0°C/min before holding for 30–45 min. After cooling to 50°C and rinsing, a cationic fixative is applied at 1.5–3.0 g/L and pH 5.5–6.5 for 20 min at 45°C. Factory trials show that omission of this aftertreatment leaves wet crocking per AATCC TM8-2016 below grade 3 on deep green shades, while fixation lifts wet crocking to grade 3–4 and washing fastness per ISO 105-C06 C2S to grade 3–4 shade change with cotton staining at grade 3. Fixative concentration above 4.0 g/L depresses light fastness per ISO 105-B02 by 0.5–1.0 grade and is avoided. End product is medium-to-deep green cotton or cotton/viscose knitted apparel fabric, released only after the residual arylamine and heavy-metal panel conforms to Oeko-Tex Standard 100 Annex 6 and ZDHC MRSL Version 3.1.
Package dyeing of lubricated cotton core-spun sewing thread in cheese form begins with winding to a package density of 360–400 g/L; lower density creates preferential flow channels that cause inside-to-outside shade variation, while higher density raises differential pressure above 1.5 bar and can exceed pump capacity of the 30–50 L/kg/min circulation system. Direct Green BE is dosed at 0.2–2.0% owf from the pre-dissolved stock tank, with 5–20 g/L calcined sodium sulfate added in three equal portions after the yarn has been wetted at 35°C. The bath is raised to 95–98°C at 1.0–1.5°C/min, held for 30–45 min, and flow reversal is set at 3–5 min intervals; mill records show that reversal intervals longer than 8 min produce a measurable outside-to-inside depth difference of 0.3–0.5 CIELAB ΔE units on dark packages. After dyeing, the yarn is rinsed at 50°C and aftertreated with a cationic fixative at 1.0–2.0 g/L, pH 5.5, for 15–20 min at 45°C. Compliance for the final sewing thread is verified against Oeko-Tex Standard 100 class I and the applicable aromatic amine panel of REACH Annex XVII Entry 43; wet rubbing per AATCC TM8-2016 is maintained at grade 3–4 and washing fastness per ISO 105-C06 C2S at grade 3–4 shade change. The end product is green sewing thread for garment overlock and embroidery, where the lubricated yarn must retain a wax residue below 0.8% by mass to avoid package dyeing filter blockage.
Differential pressure is monitored across the package stack with a transducer connected to the dyeing kier; an increase above 1.5 bar during ramp indicates either fiber swelling or the presence of airborne fiber waste from thread lubrication. In such cases, the ramp rate is reduced to 0.5°C/min and circulation direction is switched to inside-to-outside for 10 min before resuming the programmed cycle. Failure to correct this condition leads to a dark shoulder on the package inlet face and a light core, quantified as ΔE greater than 1.0 against the package outer layer.
In bleached kraft and sulfite furnishes, Direct Green BE is introduced at the fan pump suction or into the machine chest after alum has been dosed at 0.5–1.0% on dry fiber and pH is controlled between 5.0 and 6.5. Addition ratio for deep green packaging and decorative backing paper is 0.02–0.6% on dry fiber; higher doses above 1.0% rarely improve chromaticity and instead increase dissolved dye load in the water loop, as shown by whitewater absorbance at 600–650 nm rising above 0.1 AU. A cationic polyacrylamide retention aid is then added at 0.02–0.05% on dry fiber before the centriscreen, and the stock is formed on a fourdrinier at headbox consistency 0.5–1.2%. Handsheets prepared per ISO 5269-2 are used for between-batch shade certification; color fastness of the dyed paper and board intended for food contact is assessed per EN 646, and bleedfastness is checked with a cold-water extraction cell at 20°C for 60 min because packaging exposed to moisture must not stain adjacent food simulants. Operational limits include avoiding alum concentration above 2.0% on dry fiber because excessive cationic charge reverses the zeta potential of the furnish and causes mottled formation; the same condition also reduces dye fixation and lowers the wet-rub resistance of finished sheet. End products are colored wrapping paper, green core-stock for file folders, and decorative backing layers for laminated substrates, with release testing performed per EN 646 and applicable national food-contact legislation; food-contact approval is not automatically conferred by the dye alone.
A chrome-tanned crust leather with a shaved thickness of 1.1–1.3 mm is neutralized in a stainless-steel drum at 35°C with sodium formate and sodium bicarbonate to a cross-section pH of 5.0–5.5 over 60 min. The float is dropped and a fresh bath is set at 200–300% float and 50–60°C; Direct Green BE is pre-dissolved and added at 0.3–1.5% on shaved weight, with the lower range used for pale leather and the upper range for dark green upholstery. Drum rotation is maintained at 12–18 rpm for 30–45 min, after which 0.3–0.5% formic acid is added in two portions over 15 min to lower bath pH to 3.8–4.0 and exhaust residual dye. Production records indicate that adding cationic retanning agents before or during dyeing precipitates the anionic Direct Green BE at the leather surface and causes rub-off; an anionic retanning polymer must be applied before dyeing, and cationic fixation is performed only as a final top treatment at 1.0–2.0% on shaved weight. Rub fastness of the finished leather is tested per ISO 11640 with a dry felt and wet felt; dark green upholstery leather typically requires grade 4 dry and grade 3–4 wet before finishing. Perspiration fastness for shoe linings is assessed per ISO 11641, and the wet sample must not stain the adjacent cotton fabric below grade 3–4. The end product is dyed crust or finished leather for shoe uppers, upholstery, and leather goods, with chemical compliance screened against the ZDHC MRSL Version 3.1 aromatic amine and dimethylformamide limits before batch release.
After fixation and sammying, the leather is retanned with an anionic acrylic polymer at 2–4% on shaved weight and fatliquored; the order of additions must not be reversed because the cationic top-fixing step after dyeing will strip unbound Direct Green BE and generate a high-chroma wastewater load. Vacuum drying at 40°C and toggle drying at 35°C are used to limit migration of unfixed dye to the grain layer, a defect measured as uneven surface coloration under ISO 11640 dry rub testing.
Desized cotton-viscose pocketing fabric is loaded onto a jigger with a 400 kg capacity and a batch diameter of 1.2 m; the dye bath is prepared with 0.5–2.5% owf Direct Green BE and 15–25 g/L calcined sodium sulfate, then heated to 95–98°C. Direct Green BE is dosed in 3–4 equal additions across the early ends because the dye's high substantivity causes end-to-end shade drift if the full quantity is added at the first end; mill comparisons show that split dosing holds first-end-to-last-end CIELAB ΔE below 0.7 units, while single-shot addition can exceed 1.5 units on dark olive green shades. The jig is run for 6–8 ends at 20–30 min per end, with bath temperature held above 93°C; after dyeing, the fabric is rinsed in the same jigger at 40°C and fixed with a cationic aftertreatment at 1.0–2.0 g/L for 15 min at 45°C. Fastness certification for garment interlining and pocketing uses washing fastness per ISO 105-C06 A1S and water fastness per ISO 105-E01; values below grade 3–4 shade change or cotton staining below grade 3 require re-fixation. The end product is woven cotton-viscose pocketing and interlining fabric used in trousers and outerwear, with batch compliance verified against Oeko-Tex Standard 100 class II and the applicable ZDHC MRSL Version 3.1 restricted substance list.
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Direct Green BE is supplied as an anionic direct dye preparation for aqueous application to cellulosic fibres without the use of an oxidative mordant. The product is standardised as a sodium salt of a polyazo colourant; commercial grading uses the generic dye name, while supplier-specific model suffixes indicate physical form and colour strength. A powder grade is commonly released as 100% or 150% strength and a liquid grade as 200% strength relative to the supplier’s primary reference. These strength designations are colorimetric ratios rather than dye content percentages. The aqueous absorption maximum lies between 600 nm and 620 nm, measured in a 1 cm path-length fused silica cell against a distilled water blank; the spectral bandwidth should be ≤ 2 nm to avoid masking the secondary shoulder near 570 nm. Packaging configurations include 25 kg polyethylene-lined fibre drums for powder and 1,000 L intermediate bulk containers for liquid, with standard freight classification based on the absence of recognised oxidizing or flammable hazard labels. Published data for the exact molecular configuration of this specific trade name are limited, so application parameters are derived from the direct dye class and lot-specific certificates of analysis.
Batch conformity is assessed against a certificate of analysis containing class-level tolerances. These limits are not absolute product identity data; each commercial lot must be verified against its supplier’s primary standard under ISO 787-24 or an equivalent absolute colorimetric procedure. The acceptance window for the powder grade typically includes a moisture content determined gravimetrically at 105 °C to constant mass, with a limit of ≤ 5.0% by mass. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution at 25 °C is normally controlled between 8.0 and 10.0 to maintain sodium salt solubility and minimise hydrolytic damage in storage. Water-insoluble matter is limited to ≤ 0.5% because higher values create filter clogging in package dyeing machines and screen blockages in rotary printing.
| Parameter | Acceptance window | Test method designation |
|---|---|---|
| Colour strength versus primary reference | 95–105% | ISO 787-24, adapted for water-soluble dyes |
| Moisture content | ≤ 5.0% | ISO 787-2 |
| Water-insoluble matter | ≤ 0.5% | ISO 787-4 |
| pH of 1% aqueous solution | 8.0–10.0 | ISO 787-9 |
| Banned arylamine screening | < 20 mg/kg per amine | EN 14362-1:2012 |
| Extractable lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium VI | ≤ 100 mg/kg total | Oeko-Tex Standard 100 Annex 6 limits |
For package dyeing of combed cotton yarn, Direct Green BE is predissolved at 60–70 °C using soft water below 150 mg/L calcium carbonate equivalent. The solution is filtered through a 200 μm stainless-steel mesh before entering the circuit of a package dyeing machine with flow reversal set at 1.5 L/kg/min to 2.5 L/kg/min. Dyeing is started at 40 °C with 5 g/L anhydrous sodium sulfate; a linear ramp of 1.5 °C/min to 95 °C is used, and further salt additions of 10 g/L at 60 °C and 15 g/L at 80 °C are made to reduce uneven uptake. The bath is held at 95 °C for 45–60 min. After cooling to 70 °C, the yarn is rinsed and soaped with a nonionic surfactant at 1 g/L for 15 min; unfixed dye is removed until optical density of the rinse bath stabilises below 0.05 AU at the absorption maximum on a 10 mm cell. The medium substantivity of Direct Green BE creates a practical correction window: shade additions of 0.2–0.5% on weight of fibre can be made at 80 °C with the addition of 0.5 g/L of a nonionic leveling agent. Failure to stage the salt addition typically yields package-to-package depth variation above ± 5% of the target K/S value.
In overflow dyeing of cotton knitgoods, the hydraulic environment differs from package machines because fabric rope circulation rather than liquor flow reversal governs uniformity. Direct Green BE demonstrates salt-controllable exhaustion similar to medium-substantivity direct dyes. A reversed salt sequence is recommended: the initial bath contains no more than 3 g/L sodium sulfate, and the remaining 17 g/L is delivered in four equal pulses at 15 min intervals during the 40 °C to 90 °C ramp. The maximum ramp rate is limited to 1 °C/min because the dye’s diffusion rate into the primary wall of cotton has a temperature coefficient that exceeds its migration rate above 80 °C. Liquor ratio should be held between 1:8 and 1:12; lower ratios increase electrolyte concentration and trigger aggregation, while higher ratios reduce exhaustion below 70% unless the dye concentration is raised. Fabric speed in the overflow tube is set at 80–120 m/min with a dwell time of 2–3 min per circulation. The use of a variable-speed winch prevents rope marking; marking is more severe with this shade because green chromophores in the 600 nm region expose crease marks under retail lighting. A post-dyeing fixation rinse with 5 g/L of a cationic aftertreatment agent reduces washing fastness loss by one grey-scale unit under ISO 105-C06 C2S.
Direct Green BE is anionically charged and therefore responds to cationic polyamine or dicyandiamide-formaldehyde aftertreatments. The aftertreatment bath is set at 40 °C with 1–3 g/L of a cationic fixative at pH 5.5–6.5 adjusted with acetic acid; treatment time is 15–20 min. Fixative uptake changes the wet fastness of the green shade from a class-level grey-scale rating of 2–3 to 3–4 under ISO 105-C06 C2S. Dry crock resistance remains near 4, but wet crock resistance improves from 2–3 to 3 under ISO 105-X12. Light fastness measured under ISO 105-B02 at grade 3–4 is not improved by fixative; in some cases exhaust aftertreatment reduces light fastness by half a grade due to fixative yellowing. The fabric should be rinsed to neutral pH before drying; residual acetic acid below pH 5.0 increases shade dulling on exposure to nitrogen oxides in gas-fired dryers. Fixative selection is constrained by REACH Annex XVII Entry 43 because arylamine release must remain below 20 mg/kg after treatment; no tin-containing fixatives should be used with this dye if the substrate is destined for infant apparel under Oeko-Tex Standard 100 Annex 6 class I limits.
Direct Green BE differs from fibre-reactive green chromophores primarily in fixation chemistry. A reactive green dye such as C.I. Reactive Green 19 bonds covalently to cellulose under alkaline conditions and tolerates 60 °C or 80 °C isothermal profiles, while Direct Green BE requires 90–95 °C and is retained by reversible adsorption and aggregation. The direct green shade reaches plateau exhaustion at approximately 70–85% without salt in a 1:10 bath, but reactive green fixation is expressed as total fixation rather than apparent exhaustion; the latter typically requires 40–80 g/L sodium sulfate and 10–20 g/L sodium carbonate to achieve covalent fixation. The performance boundary is therefore wet fastness: direct dye systems fail earlier than reactive systems in ISO 105-C06 C2S laundering, but they provide higher colour value per unit concentration in short-liquor exhaust equipment, especially where the dyehouse lacks alkali-dosing capability. Direct Green BE is reductive-cleared less aggressively than post-boxed sulphur greens; sodium hydrosulfite at 1–2 g/L at 60 °C is adequate for surface unfixed dye removal, whereas sulphur green reductions require 5–10 g/L reducing agent and a reconstitution step.
| Parameter | Direct Green BE | Reactive green dye class | Sulphur green dye class |
|---|---|---|---|
| Application temperature | 90–95 °C | 60–80 °C | 80–95 °C |
| Salt demand | 10–25 g/L Na₂SO₄ | 40–80 g/L Na₂SO₄ | 5–15 g/L Na₂S or polysulfide |
| Post-scour | 1 g/L nonionic soap at 70 °C | alkaline soap at 98 °C | oxidative reoxidation with 1–2 g/L hydrogen peroxide |
| Wet fastness after aftertreatment | 3–4 | 4–5 | 4 |
| Light fastness | 3–4 | 5–6 | 5–6 |
On open-width bleached cotton shirting, Direct Green BE is padded at 20–40 g/L with 5–10 g/L urea and 10–20 g/L sodium sulfate. Pad bath temperature is held at 25–30 °C; pH is adjusted to 8.0–9.0 with sodium bicarbonate. A padder with a horizontal hip and a nip pressure of 20–30 N/mm² yields pickup of 65–75%. Batching for 4–8 h at 25–35 °C under polythene film prevents edge drying; migration to fabric edges during drying is controlled by reducing initial cylinder temperature to 110 °C and maintaining residual moisture above 15% at the first drying section. The shade shows more pronounced edge-darkening than a reactive green because the unfixed dye has higher solubility and tends to migrate with water; the process window is therefore narrower, and published data for this specific configuration is limited to pilot-scale trials. After fixation, the fabric is washed at 60 °C with 1 g/L nonionic detergent and 0.5 g/L sodium carbonate, followed by a cold rinse. Failure to maintain the batch seal produces visible selvedge-to-centre shade differences above ΔE CMC 1.5.
Outside textile exhaust dyeing, Direct Green BE is applied to bleached softwood kraft pulp and uncoated paper furnishes at 0.05–0.5% on oven-dry pulp. The dye is added at the size press or to the thick stock after alum neutralization to pH 5.0–6.0; because the anionic colourant has low affinity for cationic retention aids unless the furnish includes cationic starch, a retention sequence of 0.3–0.6 kg/t cationic polyacrylamide followed by 0.1–0.2 kg/t bentonite is required to keep white water below 50 mg/L dye concentration. The dye is incompatible with high levels of ferrous iron from recycled fibres; iron above 2 mg/L produces a dull olive shift. Light fastness of dyed paper is measured according to ISO 105-B02 using a 1/3 standard depth card; values are lower than on cotton because the fibre surface area and retention agent chemistry reduce chromophore shielding.
Textile articles containing azo colorants must be assessed under REACH Annex XVII Entry 43; reductive cleavage is carried out according to EN 14362-1:2012, with reporting limits of 20 mg/kg for each restricted arylamine. Direct Green BE should be accompanied by a supplier declaration for the 22 restricted aromatic amines listed in the regulation. Effluent from dyeing operations contains anionic dye residues and salt; coagulation with 200–500 mg/L ferric sulfate at pH 6.0–7.0 removes suspended dye aggregates, and aerobic treatment reduces dissolved organic carbon below discharge limits in municipal systems. Sludge from this process retains adsorbed dye; incineration at 850 °C is required if halogenated additives are present, but Direct Green BE does not require this route based on its typical polyazo sodium salt composition. Published data for the ecotoxicological profile of this specific trade name is limited; the European Commission’s classification and labelling inventory may list the parent dye under its Colour Index entry and should be checked before use.
Warehouse storage should maintain powder in sealed containers at 10–30 °C and relative humidity below 60%; caking occurs above 60% relative humidity, and redispersion requires milling if the moisture content exceeds 5.0%. Liquid grades are protected against freezing; storage below 5 °C may produce viscosity increase above 1,000 mPa·s, but controlled thawing at 25 °C under gentle recirculation restores homogeneity. Direct Green BE is incompatible with strong reducing agents and should not be combined with sodium hydrosulfite in the same feedline; separate lines and 10 min line flushing with soft water prevent premature reduction and colour degradation.
