Section
| HS Code | 610430 |
| Product Name | Direct Brown 3GN |
| Product Type | Direct dye |
| Color Shade | Brown |
| Physical Form | Powder |
| Water Solubility | Soluble in water |
| Ionic Character | Anionic |
| Chemical Nature | Azo dye |
| Main Application | Dyeing of cellulosic fibers such as cotton and viscose |
| Application Method | Exhaust dyeing with electrolyte addition |
| Typical Ph Range | Neutral to slightly alkaline |
| Light Fastness | Moderate |
| Washing Fastness | Moderate |
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, ventilated place away from moisture and direct sunlight |
| Packaging | Typically supplied in 25 kg bags or drums |
| Shelf Life | Typically 24 months in unopened original packaging |
As an accredited Direct Brown 3GN factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Direct Brown 3GN is packed in 25 kg net polyethylene-lined multiwall paper sacks, supplied palletized and shrink-wrapped for transport. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Direct Brown 3GN is packed in 25 kg bags, palletized, and loaded into a 20-foot FCL container for export. |
| Shipping | Direct Brown 3GN is shipped in sealed, moisture-resistant bags or drums labeled with product name, batch, and manufacturer details. Keep dry, cool, ventilated, and away from direct sunlight and oxidizers during transport. Handle as a non-hazardous industrial chemical unless the SDS specifies otherwise; avoid dust and water contamination. |
| Storage | Store Direct Brown 3GN in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep containers tightly closed, clearly labeled, and in secondary containment. Separate from food, feed, oxidizers, acids, and alkalis. Minimize dust generation and keep away from ignition sources; follow the supplier’s SDS. |
| Shelf Life | Stable under recommended storage; typical shelf life is 24 months when kept dry, cool, dark, and in a sealed container. |
Direct Brown 3GN, an anionic sulphonated disazo direct dye, is applied to cotton and viscose single-jersey knits by atmospheric exhaust at a liquor ratio of 1:8 to 1:12 in soft-flow or overflow jet equipment. The dye is pre-pasted with cold demineralized water and then dissolved at 80–90 °C under moderate stirring; the stock solution is passed through a 150 µm screen before transfer to the main bath. Undissolved aggregates at this stage cause specking at fabric contact points, particularly on compacted cotton with high fabric density. The dyeing bath is built at 40 °C with sodium sulfate added in divided portions at 10–30 g/L depending on shade depth; sodium carbonate is metered to maintain pH 10.5–11.0. The pH window is set to suppress uneven strike without hydrolysing cellulose, but pH above 11.5 will accelerate dye reduction if residual reducing sugars from starch size are present. The temperature is ramped at 1.0–1.5 °C/min to 95–98 °C and held for 30–45 min. A cationic after-fixing agent is applied at 1–3 g/L, pH 5.5–6.5, after the soaping stage to reduce wet desorption. Residual calcium and magnesium above 5 °dH in raw process water must be controlled with tetrasodium EDTA at 0.2–0.5 g/L or a polyacrylic acid sequestrant; otherwise dye-metal agglomerates form and deposit on nozzles and chamber interiors. Direct Brown 3GN is not compatible with one-bath cationic softeners or amine-based fixatives because the anionic sulphonate groups form charge-driven agglomerates with cationic species.
For consumer textile lots, the supplier lot certificate is screened for restricted aromatic amines under EN ISO 14362-1:2017. Under EU REACH Regulation 1907/2006, the dye formulation is checked for SVHC content and restrictions on azo colourants under Annex XVII entry 43. Wet fastness is evaluated by ISO 105-C06:2010, colour fastness to water by ISO 105-E01:2013, crocking by ISO 105-X12:2016, and light fastness by ISO 105-B02:2014. When downstream specifications require blue wool scale values above 4, Direct Brown 3GN requires reformulation with metal-complex or reactive dyes; UV absorbers do not compensate for the direct dye photofading pathway. Production dyeings at depths below 0.5% on weight of fibre are especially prone to poor reproducibility because liquor ratio, salt addition profile, and fabric absorbency interact non-linearly.
| Property | Method | Typical acceptance for cotton knits | Boundary for Direct Brown 3GN |
|---|---|---|---|
| Washing fastness | ISO 105-C06:2010 | ≥ 4 shade change | Requires cationic afterfix at 1–3 g/L |
| Rubbing fastness | ISO 105-X12:2016 | ≥ 4 dry, ≥ 3 wet | Wet crock limited by unfixed dye removal |
| Light fastness | ISO 105-B02:2014 | ≤ 4 blue wool expected | Above 4 requires dye class substitution |
| Aromatic amine release | EN ISO 14362-1:2017 | Not detected above 30 mg/kg for restricted amines | Lot-specific; verify each shipment |
For woven viscose and lyocell fabrics, continuous pad-steam application of Direct Brown 3GN is run on a horizontal two-bowl padder at 2–4 bar nip pressure. The pad liquor contains 10–30 g/L dyestuff, 10–20 g/L sodium sulfate, 1–2 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 2–5 g/L of a low-foaming wetting agent. Pickup is controlled at 65–75% on regenerated cellulose; higher pickup above 75% produces selvedge migration and darker seam lines during pre-drying. The padded web passes through an infrared pre-dryer at 70–90 °C for 20–40 s, then through saturated steam at 101–103 °C for 60–120 s. Fixation under saturated steam relies on fibre swelling and dye diffusion; linear disazo direct dyes show lower fixation than monoazo direct dyes, so pad liquor concentration must be raised proportionally at equivalent final depth. Transfer from laboratory pad-steam units to a production range requires calibration against residual moisture after the steamer and dwell-time distribution across the fabric width.
Washing after steaming consists of a cold rinse, a neutral surfactant wash at 60 °C, and an acetic acid sour at pH 5.0–5.5. Crock marking on guide rolls after the steamer is an indicator of unfixed dye; mechanical cleaning intervals of 8–12 h are typical when running brown shades. The main process conflict is dwell-time sensitivity: if steam dwell drops below 45 s, fixation is incomplete, while dwell above 120 s can cause dye reduction and shade dulling in the presence of residual sulphur compounds from viscose. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; a production qualification should include three pad liquor concentrations and two steam dwell times to map fixation yield before bulk runs.
At the wet end of fine paper, tissue, and packaging board, Direct Brown 3GN is added as an aqueous solution at 0.1–1.0% on dry fibre. The addition point is usually after the fan pump and before the headbox, where turbulence is sufficient but residence time is short. Retention of the anionic dye on cellulosic fibre is electrostatic and is modified by cationic wet-end additives. When a cationic polyacrylamide retention aid is present at 0.02–0.08% on dry fibre, dye retention improves, but high charge density can produce local precipitation and shade mottling. Stock charge demand should be measured by a streaming current detector; if demand exceeds −250 µeq/L, the dye addition point must move upstream of the retention aid. Alum at 0.5–1.5% on dry fibre adjusts pH to 4.5–5.5 and acts as a mordant, but excessive aluminium ion concentration promotes dye aggregation and shade strength loss. Process water hardness is monitored because calcium above 150 mg/L as CaCO₃ reduces solubility and can produce felt filling.
Dye penetration into the sheet is controlled by headbox consistency and drying profile; initial dryer temperatures above 110 °C can drive dye migration to the sheet surface, causing uneven colour and reduced crockfastness. Two-side colour difference is assessed under ISO 2470-1:2016 and ISO 5631-1:2022; acceptable ΔE*ab across the sheet is normally below 0.8 for uniform packaging grades. Bleeding in water is tested according to EN 646:2019 for coloured paper and board intended for moist food packaging; Direct Brown 3GN is not suitable for direct food-contact use unless a specific approval under national legislation and a migration test under EN 645 have been completed. The main process conflict in mill trials is cationic demand: overdosing fixative produces coloured white water and high effluent load, while underdosing reduces dye retention and changes shade depth. Batch records should log stock temperature, pH, cationic demand, and water hardness because the sulphonated dye is sensitive to all four variables.
Leather crust dyeing with Direct Brown 3GN is performed in a stainless steel drum after rechroming and neutralization to pH 5.0–5.5. The dye is diluted 1:10 with warm water at 50–60 °C before addition; the applied quantity is normally 0.5–2.0% on shaved weight. Drum rotation at 10–14 rpm for 30–45 min allows grain penetration, but direct dyes of moderate molecular weight have limited penetration into compact bovine retan leathers. Penetration is improved by adding 0.5–1.0% of a sulphited synthetic tanning agent; however, anionic synthetic tannins compete for cationic sites and reduce surface intensity. Fixation is driven by formic acid addition to pH 3.8–4.2, followed by a cationic dye-fixing agent at 0.5–1.5% to improve water fastness. Rub fastness of crust leather is assessed by ISO 11640:2018, with grey-scale rating expected at minimum 4 for automotive furniture leather. Light fastness under ISO 105-B02:2014 is moderate; brown shades with greenish tone can show metameric shift between D65 and TL84, so colour cabinets with two illuminants are required. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; preliminary drum trials at one commercial tannery indicated that residual lime in the float above 2 g/L calcium oxide led to surface bronzing. Washing after deliming must therefore reduce residual calcium to below 1 g/L before dyeing.
If fatliquoring precedes dyeing, anionic fatliquors occupy fibre surfaces and reduce dye uptake; a common sequence dyes before fatliquoring or splits fatliquor addition into two portions. The drum bath temperature should remain below 60 °C, because higher temperatures can accelerate grain looseness in lightweight lamb and goat leather. The use of ammonia before dye addition raises pH above 6 and reduces strike; ammonium bicarbonate is therefore not recommended for direct dyes at this stage.
Direct Brown 3GN enters water-borne interior wood stain formulations at 0.5–3.0% by weight of the liquid coating. The dye is dissolved separately in water, then added to an acrylic or acrylate-polyurethane dispersion under low-shear stirring. Solvent-free systems formulated below pH 8.0 are preferred because high pH raises colour strength but accelerates dye migration from the stain into subsequent topcoats. The stain is applied by spray at a wet film thickness of 60–100 µm onto sanded oak, beech, or pine, then wiped after penetration. Dye penetration is controlled by substrate moisture content; wood conditioned to 8–10% equilibrium moisture content absorbs dye more uniformly. Colour fastness to artificial light is tested by ISO 105-B02:2014 on stained veneer, and compatibility with the topcoat is evaluated by a 24 h adhesion test under ISO 2409:2020 cross-cut after one coat of water-based polyurethane. Direct dyes are generally more light-sensitive than solvent-soluble dyes; a UV absorber at 1–2% on coating solids delays fading but does not eliminate it. In interior furniture and flooring, the oxidation of wood lignin under UV also shifts the perceived brown tone; therefore final shade approval should be performed on the actual wood species and not on colour drawdown cards. The main incompatibility is with aluminium oxide nanoparticles in high-hardness topcoats, which can adsorb the dye during drying and cause blotching if the stain is not fully dried before overcoating. Production control in spray booths requires air temperature 18–25 °C, relative humidity 40–60%, and fine-gauge spray nozzles to avoid puddling at panel edges.
When two-coat systems are applied, the stain must be dried to 6–8% moisture before the first water-based polyurethane coat; residual water above 10% causes blushing and dye bleeding into the topcoat. The use of amine-neutralized binders should be avoided because amine volatility shifts pH during drying and can change dye solubility at the coating interface.
For water-based flexographic printing inks on paper and corrugated board, Direct Brown 3GN is added at 0.1–1.5% by weight of the finished ink. The dye solution is introduced to the letdown after pigments and binders have been dispersed, because high-shear dispersion can reduce the dye by local heat and cause shade shift. Ink pH is maintained at 8.5–9.5 with ammonium hydroxide or an amine-neutralized acrylic resin; at pH below 8.0, viscosity may increase and dye precipitation may occur with calcium ions from pigments and paper dust. Viscosity at 23 °C is adjusted to 30–60 s on a DIN 53211 flow cup at 4 mm orifice for narrow-web flexo. The inclusion of Direct Brown 3GN in paper ink reduces the pigment load and provides transparent brown tones on uncoated linerboard; however, water fastness is lower than with pigment-only inks. Rub dry and wet fastness are assessed by ISO 105-X12:2016 on printed samples; wet rub is improved by the addition of 1–2% styrene-acrylic fixative. Migration through the sheet is controlled by substrate porosity; for highly absorbent recycled liner, a barrier primer or a cationic size-press treatment before printing reduces strike-through. In a production trial on a central-impression flexo press at 150 m/min, an anionic direct dye alone showed poor re-solubility and plate staining after 20 min without adequate amine. Ink suppliers therefore incorporate 5–10% of a water-miscible glycol ether to delay evaporation at the plate. Direct Brown 3GN is not listed for direct food-contact printing; its use on food packaging requires migration testing under EU 10/2011 and likely a functional barrier. The processing boundary is pH and water hardness; if dilution water contains bicarbonate hardness above 200 mg/L as CaCO₃, a chelating agent or deionized water must be used.
Press stability is monitored by pH and viscosity; at pH above 9.5, the dye may reduce viscosity and cause print strike-through, while below 8.0, plate build-up increases. Batch filtration through 25 µm bags is recommended before filling the ink tray, because partial evaporation at the deck can otherwise concentrate the dye and produce visible shade drift across the run.
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Direct Brown 3GN is a water-soluble anionic polyazo direct dye supplied as a dark brown powder with a commercial strength standardised against a retained supplier reference. The active constituent is a sodium salt of a polyazo chromophore carrying sulfonate substituents; the designation does not resolve to a single Colour Index constitution number across all registrations, and the preparation is listed in supplier safety data sheets as a dye mixture containing sodium sulfate as a standardising agent and an anticaking additive at residual concentrations. The suffix 3GN denotes a green-shade brown within the direct brown range. The product is formulated for exhaust and continuous application to cellulosic substrates, including cotton knit goods, woven cotton, viscose, linen, and cellulosic blends. Paper and leather wet-end colouration are secondary application areas where moderate wet fastness and high exhaustion are acceptable.
Direct Brown 3GN is classified as an azo dye for regulatory purposes. Reductive cleavage of the azo bonds can release controlled primary aromatic amines; finished articles for skin-contact use are tested under EN 14362-1:2017, with a release limit of 30 mg/kg for each restricted amine listed in REACH Annex XVII entry 43. This regulatory boundary is independent from colour fastness and must be verified on the finished article because afterclearing, resin finishing, and laundering can alter extractable amine levels. A 60 g/L stock solution prepared at 80 °C is typically free of visible undissolved particles when filtered through a 250 μm screen; solution stability at this temperature is maintained for approximately 4 h before aggregate formation increases.
Batch release for Direct Brown 3GN normally involves spectrophotometric strength determination, moisture content, water-insoluble residue, solution pH, and visual shade comparison against a retained standard. Typical limits appear in Table 1. Published data for this specific commercial formulation is limited; the following values are representative of direct dye technical bulletins and must be confirmed against the supplier certificate of analysis for a particular production lot.
| Parameter | Test method | Typical release limit |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Visual comparison to retained standard | Dark brown powder |
| Strength | Spectrophotometric absorbance at absorbance maximum in deionized water | 95%–105% of standard |
| Moisture content | GB/T 2394-2013 oven drying at 105 °C | ≤ 5.0% by mass |
| Water insolubles | GB/T 2392-2014 filtration of 5% solution | ≤ 0.5% by mass |
| pH of 10 g/L solution | ISO 3071:2020 | 6.0–8.0 |
| Residue on 250 μm sieve | Wet sieving after dissolution at 60 °C | ≤ 0.1% by mass |
Strength is determined at the absorbance maximum in deionized water; the wavelength of maximum absorbance is lot-specific and is reported on the certificate of analysis. Moisture content above the stated limit can reduce storage stability and accelerate agglomeration in humid warehouse conditions above relative humidity 70%. Water-insoluble residue is critical for package dyeing of yarn because undissolved particles deposit on yarn packages and produce core-to-surface shade variation.
In soft-flow jet dyeing machines with liquor ratios between 1:6 and 1:10, a typical exhaust formulation for 2.0% on weight of fabric (owf) Direct Brown 3GN uses 5–20 g/L sodium sulfate and 1–2 g/L sodium carbonate. The bath is set at 30–40 °C, the pre-dissolved dye is added over 10 min, and the bath is ramped at 1.5–2.0 °C/min to 95–98 °C. Holding time at maximum temperature is 30–45 min for medium-depth shades; batch-to-batch shade variation on cotton interlock below ΔE CMC 0.8 is achievable only when bath hardness is maintained below 50 mg/L calcium carbonate and when the same electrolyte lot is used. For heavy shades of 3.0% owf and above, sodium sulfate is split into two portions: half is added before dye addition and half after the bath reaches 70 °C to avoid aggregation of the polyazo dye at the fibre surface. On production-scale winch machines, unlevel dyeing has been observed when rope loading exceeds 80% of capacity because fabric movement is insufficient to redistribute the anionic dye before exhaustion.
After the exhaust phase, the bath is cooled to 70 °C at 1.5 °C/min before rinsing; rapid cooling below this temperature promotes desorption and shade lightening. Cationic fixing agents are applied at 60 °C for 20 min to improve wet fastness, but an excess above 3% owf can shift the shade and reduce light fastness by promoting dye-fixative aggregates on the fibre surface. On package dyeing machines with a pump flow of 30 L/kg/min, the flow direction is reversed every 4 min during the heating phase to prevent channeling of the yarn package.
Continuous pad-steam application for woven cotton uses a padder with a horizontal nip, a set pressure of 2–4 bar, and a dipping time of 2–5 s. The pad liquor contains 20–40 g/L Direct Brown 3GN and 2–5 g/L of a wetting agent. Steam fixation is carried out at 100–102 °C for 60–90 s, followed by two counterflow rinses at 40 °C and 60 °C. On cotton/viscose blended knitted fabric, Direct Brown 3GN exhibits higher substantivity for viscose than cotton, causing differential shade depth between fibre types if the blend is not pre-wetted uniformly. Batches dyed in the same liquor show visually deeper viscose-rich ribs under D65 illumination; this difference becomes apparent at depths above 1.5% owf. A levelling agent with weak cationic character at 0.5–1.0 g/L can reduce this fibre selectivity, but excess agent reduces exhaustion below 70% and increases dye load in the effluent. On cotton/viscose blends, a two-bath process is avoided by adding electrolyte in three equal portions at 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C; this staged addition improves migration and reduces the risk of boundary deposits on the fabric selvedges.
Direct Brown 3GN differs from sulfur brown dyes in that no sodium polysulfide or sodium hydrosulfide reduction step is required before dye application. Sulfur dyeing requires a reduction step at 70–90 °C, followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate after dyeing; this generates effluent sulfide load that must be oxidised before discharge. Direct Brown 3GN is applied as a pre-reduced solution and does not require oxidative reconstitution. However, wet fastness of Direct Brown 3GN is lower than that of sulfur browns; after a standard ISO 105-C06 A1S wash test, staining on cotton adjacent fabric is typically rated at 2–3, whereas a sulfur brown at the same depth commonly rates 3–4. Light fastness under ISO 105-B02 is also moderate, typically 3–4 for a 2.0% owf dyeing.
Relative to reactive brown dyes, Direct Brown 3GN lacks the covalent ether linkage to cellulose generated by reactive vinyl sulfone or monochlorotriazine groups. Reactive browns require alkali fixation at pH 10.5–11.0 and a 50–60 °C soaping step using a non-ionic detergent to remove hydrolysed dye. Direct Brown 3GN fixation occurs through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, so the shade is inherently more sensitive to subsequent wet processing. The offset is lower chemical consumption: no urea, sodium silicate, or high alkalinity is required.
Within the direct brown class, Direct Brown 3GN is positioned for medium-depth textile dyeing where re-dyeing and shading corrections are frequent. Its migration index is adequate for repairing unlevel dyeings: after addition of 2.0 g/L non-ionic levelling agent, the temperature can be raised to 95 °C and held for 20–30 min to promote migration; however, this repair cycle cannot recover more than approximately 0.5% owf shade depth without unacceptable shade dulling. By contrast, high-molecular-weight direct dyes with higher wet fastness do not migrate readily and require stripping before re-dyeing.
Representative mid-depth fastness values for cellulosic substrates are given in Table 2. Actual values vary with substrate construction, dyeing depth, aftertreatment, and test conditions. Published data for this specific Direct Brown 3GN formulation is limited; the ranges are consolidated from direct dye technical literature.
| Property | Direct Brown 3GN | Sulfur Brown | Reactive Brown |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wash fastness, ISO 105-C06 A1S | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4 |
| Light fastness, ISO 105-B02 | 3–4 | 4 | 5–6 |
| Perspiration fastness, alkaline, ISO 105-E04 | 2–3 | 3–4 | 4 |
| Rubbing fastness, dry, ISO 105-X12 | 3–4 | 4 | 4–5 |
| Rubbing fastness, wet, ISO 105-X12 | 2–3 | 3 | 3–4 |
The fastness profile indicates that Direct Brown 3GN is suited to linings, coated textiles, and interior fabrics where wash cycles are infrequent. For articles exposed to repeated home laundering, a cationic fixative is required and even then the product may not meet retailer specifications requiring wet fastness grade 4.
Cationic aftertreatment with a fixative at 2.0–3.0% owf is required when Direct Brown 3GN is used on apparel fabrics that must meet ISO 105-C06 wash fastness of at least grade 3. Without fixation, the anionic dye remains water-extractable and migrates during home laundering. The fixation step is carried out at pH 5.5–6.5 using acetic acid; operating below pH 5.0 can precipitate the dye-fixative complex and reduce crockfastness. Rubbing fastness is assessed according to ISO 105-X12; dry ratings for medium depths are typically 3–4, and wet ratings are 2–3. Perspiration fastness is evaluated under ISO 105-E04; acidic perspiration exposure extracts more dye than alkaline exposure because protonation of carboxyl groups on the fibre reduces the number of accessible hydroxyl sites for hydrogen bonding. Light fastness under ISO 105-B02 for a 2.0% owf dyeing on cotton is rated 3–4 for the unfixed shade; cationic fixation may reduce light fastness by half a grade. Therefore, apparel exposed to direct sunlight is outside the recommended application envelope unless the depth is increased above 3.0% owf.
For paper applications, the dye is added to the stock at 0.05–0.2% on dry fibre weight; retention is improved by the addition of a cationic retention aid at 0.1–0.3%. However, the fastness requirements for tissue and packaging are lower, and the product is selected when bleed resistance under water contact is not critical. For leather application, Direct Brown 3GN is added to retanning or fatliquoring baths at 0.5–1.0% of wet-blue weight. The product is compatible with anionic retanning agents but precipitates with cationic dyestuffs; penetration into the grain is limited by high molecular size, so surface dyeing can accentuate scars and loose grain.
Direct Brown 3GN must not be combined with reducing agents such as sodium hydrosulfite, thiourea dioxide, or sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate. Reductive cleavage of the azo bonds produces primary aromatic amines and destroys the chromophore; the reaction is rapid at temperatures above 60 °C and at pH below 6.0. Storage of prepared dye solutions at temperatures above 60 °C for more than 4 h can increase insoluble aggregate formation, particularly in hard water containing calcium and magnesium cations. Water hardness above 100 mg/L calcium carbonate should be sequestered with a polyphosphate or a chelating agent that does not contain metal cations capable of chelating the dye. Iron and copper ions catalyse photofading and shade dulling; therefore, stainless steel dyeing vessels of grade 316L are preferred over mild steel with damaged glass linings.
The product is incompatible with cationic polymers at high concentration; pre-mixing of concentrated dye solution and cationic fixative causes coagulation and specking on the fabric. Dye solution should be strained through a 100 μm in-line filter before entering the machine. In powder form, the dye should be stored in sealed containers at relative humidity below 60%; exposure to moisture above this threshold can lead to clumping and strength loss due to hydration. The dye is not recommended for use on nylon or polyester; anionic direct dyes have low affinity for hydrophobic fibres and will produce surface staining that is removed during laundering. In the European Union, finished articles must comply with REACH Annex XVII entry 43; testing according to EN 14362-1:2017 must show no restricted aromatic amine above 30 mg/kg. In the United States, adult apparel is not subject to an equivalent federal restriction, but California Proposition 65 may require a warning if benzidine or other listed amines exceed safe-harbor thresholds in accessible textile components.
