Section
| HS Code | 205805 |
| Product Name | Basic Violet 11 |
| Color Index Name | C.I. Basic Violet 11 |
| Color Index Number | 45110 |
| Cas Number | 2390-63-8 |
| Chemical Class | Xanthene dye |
| Dye Class | Cationic/basic dye |
| Molecular Formula | C28H31ClN2O3 |
| Molecular Weight | 479.01 g/mol |
| Appearance | Violet to dark purple powder |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and ethanol |
| Storage Conditions | Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place away from light |
| Typical Use | Dyeing of paper, leather, textiles, and biological staining |
As an accredited Basic Violet 11 factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Basic Violet 11 is supplied in sealed 25 kg fiber drums with inner polyethylene liners, labeled for industrial dye use. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | Basic Violet 11 is loaded into a 20-foot full container load, with palletized drums secured for ocean transport. |
| Shipping | Basic Violet 11 is generally shipped as a non-regulated solid dye in sealed, moisture-resistant, labeled containers under standard dry-freight conditions. Keep cool, dry, and protected from light; avoid dust generation. Confirm the current SDS and carrier/regulatory requirements before shipment, since hazardous classification and documentation may vary. |
| Storage | Store Basic Violet 11 in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, secure chemical area away from direct sunlight, heat, ignition sources, oxidizers, and acids. Keep containers tightly closed, clearly labeled, and upright. Prevent dust generation and moisture contact. Use secondary containment and segregate from food, feed, and incompatible materials. |
| Shelf Life | Basic Violet 11 shelf life: stable when stored tightly sealed in a cool, dry, dark place; follow the manufacturer’s expiry date. |
In polyacrylonitrile (PAN) staple and tow dyeing, Basic Violet 11 (C.I. 45175) is not metered into the bath as dry powder because the base form has limited aqueous solubility. The colorant is predissolved at a ratio of 1:20 in demineralised water acidified with 30% acetic acid to pH 4.5–5.0, then added to a package dyeing machine operating at a bath ratio of 1:8–1:15 with reversible inside-out flow. Exhaust dyeing on acrylic requires a cationic retarding agent at 0.5–1.5 g/L and sodium acetate buffer at 0.5–1.0 g/L to manage strike rate; the loading window extends from 0.15% owf for pale tints to 1.8% owf for saturated deep shades. The dye bath is raised at 1.0°C/min to 95°C, held for 30–60 min, cooled to 70°C before overflow rinse, and finished with an anionic-free lubricant to avoid surface complexation. Compliance checks for dyed goods include OEKO-TEX Standard 100 Annex 4, ISO 105-B02:2014 for light fastness, ISO 105-C06:2010 for domestic laundering, and ZDHC MRSL 3.0 documentation. The standard industrial outputs are dyed acrylic loose fiber, shrink-stabilized tow, and high-bulk yarn for knitted apparel, upholstery velour, and faux fur. Operational boundary: water hardness above 150 ppm CaCO₃ reduces exhaust uniformity and must be corrected with a sequestrant before dye addition; residual anionic spinning finish on the substrate must also be removed by scouring.
When Basic Violet 11 is used in solvent-borne flexographic and gravure ink systems based on nitrocellulose/polyurethane resin blends, the base form is dissolved in a co-solvent blend of ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methyl ethyl ketone to produce a dye concentrate at 5.0–12.0 wt%; press-ready ink is then let down to a working dye content of 0.8–2.5 wt%. The limiting factor at higher dye concentration is not color strength but precipitation caused by water ingress above 2.0% by weight and by high-acid-value rosin esters with an acid number above 80 mg KOH g⁻¹, which destabilize the protonated dye-resin complex. Dissolution is conducted in a closed jacketed reactor at 45°C with propeller agitation at 250–400 rpm, followed by 5 µm cartridge filtration; gravure lines are additionally filtered to 2 µm immediately before the print unit. On press, anilox rolls of 180–220 lines/cm and doctor blade settings of 30–45° are typical for solvent flexo; drying tunnel temperatures above 60°C must be avoided where nitrocellulose binder content exceeds 15% to prevent premature film skinning. Compliance for print performance is evaluated under ISO 2834-1:2022 for laboratory proofing and ISO 12647-6:2022 for flexographic process control; food-contact printed packaging must additionally satisfy the framework requirements of Regulation EC 1935/2004 and applicable national ink ordinances. The finished products are surface-print flexible packaging, paper cup stock, aluminium foil lids, and metallised film labels. Operational boundary: do not combine with alkali-reactive aluminium pigments or maintain ink pH above 8.0, because free base generation shifts migration behavior.
In soft tissue and packaging paper stock preparation, the protonated form of Basic Violet 11 is introduced after pulping and refining when the stock pH is maintained between 4.5 and 5.5 with acetic acid. For deeply shaded napkins the addition ratio is 0.02–0.6% on dry fiber; pastel wrapping grades use 0.01–0.15% on dry fiber. Retention is controlled with polyaluminium chloride at 0.3–0.8 kg/t dry fiber or with high-charge cationic starch, since the dye has poor affinity for untreated cellulosic fines. The stock is held in a mixing chest for 10–15 min before the fan pump and formed on an inclined wire or crescent former; white water pH must remain below 6.0 to prevent shade drift. End products are colored napkins, tissue, crepe paper, gift wrap, and decorative kraft. Compliance for food-contact paper and kitchen towelling is evaluated under FDA 21 CFR 176.170, BfR Recommendation XXXVI where applicable, and EN 646:2019 for colored kitchen towels. Operational boundary: anionic direct dyes and high sulfate levels above 250 ppm in the white water reduce fixation sharply and should be eliminated from the furnish.
On neutralized chrome-tanned leather, Basic Violet 11 is applied from a float ratio of 1:1.5–1:2.0 in a stainless-steel tanning drum running at 10–12 rpm and 35°C; the addition rate is 0.5–3.0% on shaved weight, depending on hide substance and final color intensity. The dye is predissolved in a 1:10 ethanol/water mixture adjusted to pH 4.0 with acetic acid before entering the drum, which prevents grain specking. Penetration is allowed for 20–30 min, followed by fixation with 85% formic acid diluted 1:10 and added in two separate feeds until the float reaches pH 3.6–3.8. A cationic fixing agent at 1.0–2.0% is then applied to improve wet rub resistance. The downstream outputs are glazed kid upper leather, bag leather, lining leather, and vegetable-retanned crust articles. Compliance testing for leather color fastness follows ISO 11640:2018 for rubbing, ISO 11642:2012 for wash cycles, and ZDHC MRSL 3.0 for chemical input documentation; REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006 registration and Annex II safety data sheet obligations apply to the supplier and formulated product. Operational boundary: anionic syntans, sulfite liquors, and vegetable retanning extracts must be avoided in the same float because they precipitate the cationic dye at the grain and create uneven surface bronzing.
For low-viscosity penetrating wood stains used on interior casegoods and furniture front panels, Basic Violet 11 base is dissolved in anhydrous ethanol/isopropanol to a concentrate strength of 5.0–10.0 wt%; final shop application concentration is 0.5–3.0 wt% in shellac or nitrocellulose lacquer thinner. The dissolution step uses a sealed high-speed disperser at 500–1000 rpm and 10 µm bag filtration; moisture ingress above 2.0% causes dye agglomeration and uneven penetration. Application is carried out with HVLP spray equipment fitted with a 1.3 mm nozzle at 2.0–2.5 bar; open time is 10–15 min at 20°C and 50% relative humidity before sealer or topcoat. The terminal products are tinted shellac, lacquer-based interior wood stains, and touch-up markers for on-site repair. Compliance for low-VOC coating categories follows Directive 2004/42/EC, and adhesion of subsequent topcoats is tested according to ASTM D3359-17. Operational boundary: relative humidity above 70% or substrate moisture content above 12% shifts dye penetration depth; acid-catalysed urea-formaldehyde sealers with residual catalyst above 2.0% should not be applied directly because hue drift occurs.
During felt-nib marker and stamp pad fluid compounding, Basic Violet 11 is handled as a solvent-soluble dye concentrate rather than an aqueous paste. The dye is dissolved at 25–40°C in anhydrous ethanol or a 1:1 ethanol/ethylene glycol monobutyl ether carrier; marker fluid loading is 2.0–10.0 wt%, while stamp pad ink is adjusted to 3.0–7.0 wt% to balance capillary flow and color density. Low-shear blending at 80–120 rpm is used to avoid aeration, and the final fluid is filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane before filling into reservoirs or felt pads. The terminal products are felt-nib markers, stamp pad inks, calligraphy inks, and non-food decorative stamping fluids. Compliance for children's products requires EN 71-3:2019 elemental migration limits; labeling for art materials follows ASTM D4236-94, and REACH Annex II safety data sheet obligations apply to the raw material supplier. Operational boundary: this dye is not suitable for cosmetic or skin-contact applications in this colorant class; contact with aqueous anionic binders causes immediate flocculation.
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C.I. Basic Violet 11 is a cationic xanthene dye identified by C.I. 45174 and CAS 2390-63-8. The product is the 2-ethoxycarbonyl derivative of C.I. Basic Violet 10 (Rhodamine B) and is supplied as a dark violet crystalline powder with molecular formula C30H35ClN2O3 and relative molecular mass 507.0 g/mol. The chromophore consists of a 9-phenylxanthylium core with 3,6-bis(diethylamino) substitution; the pendant phenyl ring carries the ethoxycarbonyl group, which distinguishes the product from the parent carboxylate and modifies solubility, pH response, and migration behaviour. Commercial model designations commonly use suffix codes such as P, LD, S, and PC for powder, low-dust, solvent-soluble, and presscake forms. The P grade is applied in bulk exhaust dyeing, the LD grade is treated with a dust-binding agent for automated dispensing, the S grade is predispersed in glycol ethers or ketones for solvent-based inks, and the PC grade is supplied as wet presscake for liquid dosing systems. Suffix designations are not harmonised across manufacturers; the certificate of analysis and safety data sheet remain the controlling documents.
Batch acceptance is normally judged by spectrophotometric strength, chromatographic purity, volatile content, and elemental impurities. The table below lists representative commercial powder-grade parameters.
| Parameter | Test method | Typical acceptance criterion |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | Visual inspection | Dark violet powder, free of agglomerates |
| Dye content | HPLC-DAD against certified reference | ≥ 95.0% area at λmax |
| Absorption maximum in ethanol | UV-Vis spectrophotometry | 550 ± 3 nm |
| Volatile matter | ISO 787-2:1981 | ≤ 5.0% w/w |
| Sulfated ash | ISO 787-18:1983 | ≤ 8.0% w/w |
| Lead (Pb) | ICP-OES after closed-vessel digestion | ≤ 20 mg/kg |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ICP-OES after closed-vessel digestion | ≤ 5 mg/kg |
| Mercury (Hg) | ICP-OES after closed-vessel digestion | ≤ 1 mg/kg |
| Arsenic (As) | ICP-OES after closed-vessel digestion | ≤ 3 mg/kg |
| Ethanol solubility | Visual clarity at 20 °C | ≥ 10 g/L clear solution |
Particle size distribution is not a universal release parameter; when specified for low-dust grades, laser diffraction D50 values between 5 µm and 15 µm are common, with D90 below 30 µm. Strength comparison against a certified reference standard is performed by absorbance measurement at 550 nm in 50 vol% aqueous ethanol. The test solution is prepared at 20 mg/L and filtered through a 0.45 µm PTFE membrane before measurement. Acceptable batch strength is normally 95–105% of the reference. HPLC-DAD is used to resolve side products; column temperature is controlled at 30 °C with an acetonitrile-phosphate buffer mobile phase at pH 2.5.
Because the powder is hygroscopic, pre-drying in a vacuum oven at 60 °C for 4 h is applied when exposure to relative humidity above 60% has occurred. Undried powder fed into hot-melt polymer dispersions can release water vapour in the feed throat, causing screw slippage and bridging. On high-speed dosing lines, closed-containment hoppers with venturi loading are used to suppress dust adhesion to static surfaces in pneumatic conveying.
Basic Violet 11 is applied to polyacrylonitrile and cationic-dyeable polyester by exhaust procedure at liquor ratios between 1:10 and 1:20. The bath is buffered with 1–2 g/L sodium acetate and adjusted to pH 4.0–4.5 with acetic acid. Dye strike begins above 75 °C; controlled heating at 1 °C/min from 85 °C to 98 °C is typical for package dyeing machines to maintain levelness. Medium-depth shades are held at 98 °C for 30–45 min. Cooling to 60 °C before overflow rinsing reduces oligomer redeposition on cationic-dyeable polyester. Washing fastness is assessed according to ISO 105-C10:2006, and light fastness according to ISO 105-B02:2014; reported blue wool ratings on acrylic fall in the 3–4 range.
Pre-dissolution at 80 °C with 2–4 g/L acetic acid is required because the ester-modified dye has lower aqueous solubility than Basic Violet 10. In high-speed jet machines, dosing pumps fitted with 25 µm in-line filters prevent undissolved particles from forming visible specks. Concentrated stock solutions at 10 g/L are stable for 72 h at 20 °C when acidified to pH 4.0. At pH above 7, the ethoxycarbonyl group undergoes slow hydrolysis; turbidity and loss of fluorescence become evident after 24 h. For dyehouses using centralised liquid dosing, stock lines are flushed with 0.5% acetic acid after each batch to prevent precipitation. Dosing accuracy is verified by in-line spectrophotometry at 550 nm using a 10 mm flow cell.
Continuous pad-thermosol application is limited because the xanthene cation exhibits low diffusivity into acrylic fibre and requires a minimum fixation time. Printed fabric is steamed at 102 °C for 20–30 min after flat-screen application; synthetic thickener systems are adjusted to pH 5.0–6.0 to avoid premature dye-thickener interaction. Cellulosic fibres have low substantivity for this cationic dye. A mordant pre-treatment with tannic acid at 2–4% on fibre weight, fixed with tartar emetic, is used only for specialty shade matching; the process is sensitive to water hardness above 100 mg/L CaCO₃.
Substitution of Basic Violet 10 with Basic Violet 11 changes the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the colourant. The 2-ethoxycarbonyl substituent reduces the pH-dependent lactone equilibrium that suppresses colour development in Basic Violet 10; it also lowers water solubility and increases retention on treated polyolefin films in solvent-based flexographic inks. In aqueous inkjet formulations, the ester can crystallise after 48 h at 5 °C in glycol-free vehicles. A formulator replacing Basic Violet 10 therefore raises co-solvent content to 25–35 wt% diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and reduces dye loading from 2.5 wt% to 1.8–2.0 wt%. Filter tests through 1.2 µm nylon membranes show retention above 95% for a 5 wt% concentrate; membrane filtration at 0.45 µm is not recommended for high-loading inkjet grades. Published data for specific thermal and piezo printhead compatibility is limited; long-run jetting trials are required before specification.
| Property | Basic Violet 10 (C.I. 45170) | Basic Violet 11 (C.I. 45174) | Basic Red 1 (C.I. 45160) |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAS number | 81-88-9 | 2390-63-8 | 989-38-8 |
| Pendant phenyl substituent | 2-carboxylic acid | 2-ethoxycarbonyl | 2-ethoxycarbonyl with 2,7-methyl substitution on xanthene |
| Relative molecular mass | 479.0 g/mol | 507.0 g/mol | 479.0 g/mol |
| Absorption maximum in ethanol | 543 nm | 550 nm | 524 nm |
| Water solubility at 25 °C | Moderate, pH-dependent | Lower than Basic Violet 10 | Low |
| Lightfastness on acrylic, ISO 105-B02:2014 | 3–4 blue wool | 3–4 blue wool | 3 blue wool |
| Migration in plasticised PVC | Medium | Lower | Lower |
In sized paper and coated board, Basic Violet 11 is metered at 0.02–0.5 g/kg dry fibre. Alum retention systems at pH 4.5–5.5 improve fixation; excess alum above 2% on dry fibre reduces shade brightness and can impair surface sizing. For leather finishing, the dye is incorporated into casein or acrylic binder coats at 5–15 g/kg finish. Air-assisted spraying with 100 µm nozzle orifices is used to avoid specking. The ethyl ester group lowers migration into plasticised PVC topcoats compared with Basic Violet 10, as assessed by contact migration testing under ISO 15701.
Masterbatch preparation on a 27 mm twin-screw extruder with L/D 40 and side-feed port is used for poly(methyl methacrylate) and styrene-acrylonitrile. Basic Violet 11 is pre-dispersed in a liquid carrier because direct powder feeding at 0.5–1.0 wt% can produce screw slippage and colour specks. Barrel temperatures are maintained between 200 °C and 230 °C; residence time exceeding 4 min at 230 °C produces a measurable hue shift due to thermal degradation. Injection moulding trials using a 2.5 mm plaque tool and 80 t clamp force show acceptable colour uniformity at 0.05 wt% final dye content. In polyamide 6 processed above 260 °C, decomposition is noticeable; published data for this specific configuration is limited, and pre-trials are required for any fibre or engineering resin outside the stated temperature window. Avoid combination with amine-based additives or strong alkali in masterbatch formulations because ester hydrolysis and premature chromophore degradation can occur.
Regulatory classification follows the supplier safety data sheet under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. Basic Violet 11 is intended for industrial and professional use; typical hazard statements include skin and eye irritation and potential respiratory sensitisation. During powder handling, local exhaust ventilation should maintain airborne dust below the applicable occupational exposure limit; where engineering controls are insufficient, P2 or P3 respirators tested according to EN 143 are used. REACH registration must be confirmed by the importer or supplier for the relevant tonnage band. For finished textile articles, compliance with Oeko-Tex Standard 100 is not automatic; extractable residue testing is required because the dye is not listed on the Oeko-Tex active chemical list. Under FDA 21 CFR, Basic Violet 11 is not approved as a colourant for food contact; packaging applications require migration testing under Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU does not directly restrict this organic dye, but lead- or cadmium-based drying agents used in some synthesis routes must remain below 100 mg/kg in homogeneous materials.
